Ethical Judgments Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Judgments - Assignment Example 42). A well-trained conscience stands a better chance in making upright decisions than one inadequately trained. Looking at the natural and social factors determining the shaping of an individuals conscience, one brought up in an apathetic society and under an environment perverted of what is right is most likely to participate in unethical actions. There also are extremists who look for the slightest loop in any decision made, these are likely to see wrong in any actions taken (Ruggerio, 2008). The conscience stands as the best guide an individual has to distinguish between right and wrong (Ruggerio, 2008, pg. 39). Not to be forgotten is importance on the need of time and intelligence is needed when making a decision. Shifting attention to the inquiries and viewing them from the ethical standpoint of the actions is vital in showing ethical and unethical decisions. Looking at the scene of the cosmetologist in a local beauty salon is exceptional in determining right and wrong. 1) A cosmetologist takes pride in his love of making his clients feel great about themselves in their features and looks. He does this while recommending the use of the products he has in store despite the fact that they are not as effective as publicized to be. His emphasize is on clients attractiveness as what all his clients should have. 5) The cosmetologists makes the clients build confidence in the products he has for sale in order to receive high sales and thus high returns despite the fact that the products are not as effective as they are claimed to be. This is treacherous 7) Thus, it is unethical for a cosmetologist to use the clients in order to make high sales while selling them nonperforming products. Retaining a high reputation out of giving false complements to clients is unethical as it denies the clients a chance to seek what is

Child Abuse in American Samoa Essay Example for Free

Child Abuse in American Samoa Essay Child abuse and neglect good novel can do countless things for its reader. It ignites curiosity, triggers emotions, expands knowledge and encourages life lessons while transporting eager minds to unimaginable places. Active readers are completely encouraged by these vibrations. However, untold tales can occasionally capture the oppressed narratives of others. The silent pleas of vulnerable individuals can tell a memoir of its own. One key issue is that of child abuse, which has the potential to rob children of the happily ever after that they deserve. The World health organization (2013) defines â€Å"child abuse† as a breach of a child’s basic human rights and encompasses a variety of unethical practices that damage the holistic welfare of a child. Al Dosari, Ferwana, Abdulmejeed, Aldossari and Al-Zahrani (2017) add that incompetent parents or caregivers are at fault and should be held accountable for their forceful and or negligent conduct towards a minor in their care, especially when the potential risk or traumatic event that the child was exposed to could have been avoided entirely. Paterson, Fairbairn-Dunlop, Cowley-Malcolm, and Schluter (2007) assert that abusive parenting is an issue that is limitless in scope and transcends every border, including factors such as ethnicity, nationality and generation. Child abuse occurs in various ways, but the result remains the same, serious physical or emotional harm. Physical or sexual abuse may be the most striking types of abuse since they often, unfortunately, leave physical evidence behind. However, physical abuse is commonly encountered among large families. Parents with either a lower level of education or no education at all, abuse children with good health status and with a significant association (Elsaied, Alsehly, 2017). On the other hand, psychological abuse and neglect are serious types of child abuse that are often more subtle and difficult to spot.Types of Child abuse physical A documentary was filmed following Samoan foster children in New Zealand. A scene in the film shows the consequences a boy faces after being caught attempting to run away from his foster home. The consequences he faced was not your typical western punishment. His foster mom did not ground him or send him to his room. Instead, she had every other boy in the foster home brutally beat him for at least two minutes. One key issue here is that of Physical abuse, it has the potential to injure and ultimately damage the growth and development of children. The Canadian Department of Justice (2012), defines child physical abuse as the involvement or the deliberate use of force on a child, that it causes injury to the child or the child may be at risk of injury. The force may include such acts such as smacking, punching, beating, shaking, kicking, biting, burning, shoving, choking, throwing, stabbing, grabbing or leaving a child in an undignified posture for a long period of time. These usually occur when a parent or a person in the position of responsibility, power or trust takes advantage of their child. The injury is considered abuse whether the person intended to hurt the child or not. Some of the physical signs of abuse would have clear warning signs, such as unexplained bruises, welts or cuts. According to Dr. Joseph A Zenel (2008), that if a child has more bruises, fractures, head trauma, or burns that would simply raise the suspicion of physical abuse (as cited in McNamara, 2008).While all children will take a tumble now and then, look for age-inappropriate injuries, injuries that appear to have a pattern such as marks from a hand or belt, or a pattern of severe injuries. Emotional/Psychological Sexual OtherPolicyWellbeing/symptomsCountry – what is American Samoan doing about the issue? References Elsaied, H., Alsehly, A. (2017). A study of child physical abuse. The Egyptian Journal of Psychiatry, 38(2), 120. J.N. Fishe (2016). Child Abuse and the Law. Rethinking the CAPTA Amendments. Vand Law Rev 1998;183. Fry, D., McCoy, A., Swales, D. (2012). The Consequences of Maltreatment on Children’s Lives: A Systematic Review of Data From East Asia and Pacific Region. Trauma, Violence Abuse, 13(4), 209-233. doi:10.1177/1524838012455873 Neela Dabir, Mohua Nigudkar. (2007). Child Abuse: Confronting Reality. Economic and Political Weekly, 42(27/28), 2863-2866. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org.byuh.idm.oclc.org/stable/4419782 Paterson, J., Fairbairn-Dunlop, P., Esther, T. C., Schluter, P. J. (2007). Maternal childhood parental abuse history and current intimate partner violence: Data from the Pacific islands families study. Violence and Victims, 22(4), 474-88. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-com.byuh.idm.oclc.org/docview/208556625?accountid=9816 Xiangming Fang, Deborah A. Fry, Derek S. Brown, James A. Mercy, Michael P. Dunne, Alexander R. Butchart, Phaedra S. Corso, Kateryna Maynzyuk, Yuriy Dzhygyr, Yu Chen, Amalee McCoy, Diane M. Swales, The burden of child maltreatment in the East Asia and Pacific region, In Child Abuse Neglect, Volume 42, 2015, Pages 146-162, ISSN 0145-2134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2015.02.012

Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour

Comparing the Use of Images in The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour are two short stories both seemingly similar and contrasting in different ways. In Chopin’s story we see that Louise Mallard reveals her ironically natural feeling of joy and freedom following the news of her husband’s death. Louise’s sensation of freedom is conveyed through the use of vivid natural images and color. While in Colette’s story the two female protagonists contrastingly suffer from repression while the other practices freedom and liberty. These contrasting feelings are conveyed by the usage of various color images. Both Chopin and Colette address the theme of freedom and liberty from male control through the indirect use of natural, color, and vivid imagery. More often, the natural images are associated with the setting and the atmosphere, while color imagery is repeatedly linked to the physical appearance of the characters. In The Story of an Hour Chopin’s use of natural images develop and convey the theme of female freedom and liberty. The image of window is one of the most fundamental symbols which puts across this theme. The window exemplifies the ‘monstrous joy’ and the ironically natural freedom Louise is feeling in her following the news of her husband’s death. This oxymoron can be defined as the feeling she knows is considered ‘monstrous’ by society who does not expect her to be glad at her husband’s death. The way in which she faces the ‘open window’ reveals the new beginning she is looking forward to and her realization of a fresh start without her husband. Furthermore, the author’s application of an image of a ‘tree’ that were ‘aquiver’ and the ‘countless sparrows’ whic... ...n Chopin’s The Story of an Hour there is less work for the readers’ to work out specific hidden meanings. It is much harder to work out meanings when Alice doesn’t answer when Marc says 'were satisfied†¦Aren’t we, darling?’ Throughout the course of the two stories The Other Wife and The Story of an Hour, the use of natural, color, and vivid images are an essential tool for both authors to convey the theme of freedom and liberty from male control. The use of the various types of imagery shows the similar techniques Colette and Chopin shared. However, there are some minor differences these two stories shared, such as the use of dialogues and narratives as well as one being more symbolic than the other. The use of imagery is just a very small part of all the other features the writers used to develop the theme of female Freedom & Rights from male control.

Chemistry Honors Titration Lab Essay

A Titration is a process of the concentration of one solution being determined by its reaction with either a standard solution or a known quantity of solid dissolved in solution. It may also be used to calculate the molar mass of an unknown acid or base. Purpose: I. Prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide II. Standardize a sodium hydroxide solution by using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) III. When given whether the acid is monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic , determine the molar mass of the unknown organic acid. IV. Calculate the Molarity of the Soft drink. Materials: * 50 mL Buret * Beaker * Erlenmeyer Flask * Sodium Hydroxide * Water * Balance * Unknown Acids (A, B, C) * Calculator * Soft Drink (Ginger Ale) Procedure: A – Preparation of NaOH (standard solution) 1. With portions of water, rinse a 2L bottle. 2. To make 2L of a 0.1M solution, determine the amount of grams of sodium hydroxide that are needed and then weigh out the correct number of grams when showing the calculation. 3. To a container that is  ½ to 1/3 full of water, add the pellets of sodium hydroxide. Shake to mix or speed up the dissolving of the pellets and fill to the top with water. Label your container with your name and date. B – Standardization of NaOH (Determine the actual concentration of the standard solution) 1. Drain the 50 mL buret and remember to fill the buret with water at the end of each lab. 2. To rinse the inside of the buret, pour a small amount of NaOH into it. Drain the buret through the stop cock. Rinse the buret more than once. (Remember to do this before you start th lab experiment to clean the buret.) 3. Fill the buret with the NaOH solution and to remove any air, allow a small quantity to pass through the stopcock. 4. Rinse a 250 mL Erlenmeyer flask and then make sure the bottom of the flask is dry. To get the mass of only the solute, rezero the flask on the scale. 5. Add about 0.20 to 0.30 grams of KHP (acid) to the flask. Measure precisely to the 100ths place and record the mass. Add approximately 60-70 mL of water to dissolve KHP and add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator. Shake or swirl the flask to speed up the dissolving of the KHP. 6. Record the level of NaOH in the buret (to the 100ths Place). All volumes should be to the 100ths place (0.00). Carefully add the NaOH to the flask containing the acid solution. Throughout the experiment, rinse the inside of the flask with water from a water bottle and stop adding NaOH and then swirl the flask to mix the solution. 7. Stop adding NaOH when a light pink color persists (when neutralization occurs). Record the final reading of NaOH that’s in the buret and find the final volume. 8. Calculate the molarity of the NaOH solution and then complete all 12 titrations before beginning to solve the calculations. Expand your calculations to 4 decimal places and accept only the values that are within 0.005 of each other. 9. Of the accepted molarity readings, take the average. This is known as the molarity of your standardized base solution, which will be used to calculate the molar masses of the unknown acids and molarity of a soft drink. C – Calculating the Molar Masses of Unknown Acids 1. Repeat the same steps 1-4 from Section B to prepare for the titration of the unknown acid solution. 2. Repeat the same steps 5-7 substituting the unknown acid for KHP. The unknown acids are in labeled jars A, B, and C. It will be indicated whether the acids are monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic. 10 titrations should be completed for each unknown acid. 3. From the equation on the first page, calculate the molar mass of the acid using your average molarity. Find the molar mass based on the number of protons in each acid. 4. Accept the values that are within 1.0 of each other. Calculate the average of all the acceptable values and then repeat for the remaining acids. 5. When back in the classroom, you will receive the correct molar mass of the acids so you can calculate the percent error. D- Calculation of Molarity of a soft drink solution 1. Repeat steps 1-4 from Section B to prepare for the titration of the soft drink solution. 2. Take the soft drink solution from a buret on the back lab table recording the initial and final volume from the soft drink buret. Add approximately 40 mL of the soft drink to your flask. Make sure you record the exact volume to the 100ths place. Do not add water to your flask. 3. Each group should have 3 titrations completed. Accept the values that are within 0.01M of each other. Calculate the average of all the acceptable values. Conclusion: In this lab experiment, overall, I learned how to titrate. The concentration of one solution was determined by its reaction with a standard solution. The molar mass of unknown acids were also calculated. While learning to titrate, I learned several other skills in the process. I learned how to prepare a standard solution of sodium hydroxide, how to standardize a sodium hydroxide solution by using potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP), how to find the molar masses of unknown organic acids when given whether the acid is monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic, and how to calculate the molarity of a soft drink. At the same time, other skills were practiced. Skills such as calculating molarity, molar mass and percent error were exercised. The molarity was calculated for part B, the standardization of sodium hydroxide. After all of the molarities were calculated, five of them were accepted and the average came out to be 0.0935, which was the number that would be used throughout the lab to help calculate the molar masses of the unknown acids and the molarity of a soft drink. The molar mass was calculated for the unknown acids A, B, and C. Molar mass is grams of solute divided by the average molarity multiplied by the total amount of liters. In acid A, five molar masses were accepted and the average came out to be 180.0440. In acid B, only three molar masses were accepted and the average came out to be 154.5841. In acid C, there were four of the the molar masses accepted and the average came out to be 180.6426. The percent errors of the unknown acids were relatively small with the exception of acid C. For acid A the percent error was 2.22%, for acid B it was 2.99%, and for acid C it was 13.54%. The percent error for acid A and B is small because of how much NaOH was used. The amount was always less than below 40.00 grams except for once, and most of the time the amount of NaOh was in the 20’s or below. During the trials for acid C, the amount of NaOH used was no less than 33.90 grams for each trial. In Part D of the experiment, the molarity of a soft drink solution was calculated. Ginger Ale was mixed with NaOH solutions. This titration resulted in a pink, dark peach and a dark, dark peach color. Of three molarities recorded, all three were accepted. The averages of the accepted molarities of Ginger Ale were 0.0311.

Applying an Ethical Theory on Assisted Death Essay

Life is a beautiful gift from God, death comes after life. Death is meant to come without notice, There’s a saying â€Å"you never know when it’s your time to go â€Å". Should one make a decision to end his or her life, to terminate pain and suffering cause by a severe illness? Physician assisted death is an outgoing dispute throughout the world, many will never come to an agreement on. Philosophers explain many different theories that are used to determine logic and reasoning beliefs. Deontologist states that it’s a moral duty to support and sustain life and assisted suicide should not be allowed. I agree with Deontologist point of view I believe it is immoral for a Physician to assist a patient in death. Throughout this essay I will examine the deontological perspective on physician assisted suicide. Deontological ethical theory Deontologist argue to sustain a life is moral and is immoral to end a human life no matter what the situation may be. â€Å"It is important to remember that deontologists do not deny that acts have consequences; their point is that those consequences should not play a role in evaluating the act’s morality. Rather, deontological ethics focuses on the will of the person acting, the person’s intention in carrying out the act, and particularly, the rule according to which the act is carried out. Deontology focuses on the duties and obligations one has in carrying out actions rather than on the consequences of those actions (Mosser, 2013). To make a decision to end your life can be caused by being pain and suffering .Another cause can be family or friends persuading by saying ending your life is the best way to relieve pain. Deontological theory believes Physician assisted is committing suicide because a life is ending and not being preserved. â€Å"Many argue that a compromise is to continue to develop drugs and other forms of palliative care—treatment that reduces suffering—to alleviate a terminally ill person’s  anguish. Utilitarianism ethical theory â€Å"When given a choice between two acts, utilitarianism states that the act that should be chosen is the one that creates the greatest amount of happiness for the greatest number of people†(Mosser,2013). Assisted suicide will not create the greater number of happiness. Ending a life is never happiness loved ones are in pain to see a love one suffer and in even more pain to watch their life end. â€Å"Both utilitarianism and deontology have certain advantages. Utilitarian calculations are, at least at first glance, fairly easy to devise and provide a quick way to evaluate the moral worth of an act. Deontology, on the other hand, has the appeal of being easily explained and develops rules that seem to make sense and are also widely appliedâ € (Mosser,2013). I believe Deontology theory is most effective in assisted suicide, for example if a patient suffered for ten years with cancer and five doctors agree to stop treatments, but two doctors are willing to continue treatment ,Utilitarianism theory would stop treatment because the greater number rules. Deontology theory would evaluate what’s the best decision over all. Happiness comes from the heart, there are many different programs design to help the severe ill one is hospice,†The hospice movement emphasizes the reduction of end-of-life suffering and promotes death with dignity, and it has thus become an increasingly attractive option for those who resist endorsing PAS† (Mosser, 2013). It is important that all medical staff and professional properly analyzed a patient for making a decision end of life intervention. Assisted suicide requires strict specific steps to follow, In Oregon PAS is legal. The patient must be a resident of Oregon and must have 6 or less months to live .Patient must also consent verbally and give written notice to end life. Although the patient is giving more than enough time to make the decision to end their life, ending your life is a bias choice, life is precious. Pain and suffering can be temporarily why make a choice that God has last say so to. Physician-assisted suicide cause love was to lose faith it will also prevent doctors from taking extra steps to save a life. Miracles happen on a daily basis, a blind man can vision is now clear, the man who once was in a wheel chair can now run faster than he ever could .I am a firm believer that God has all power to around any situation. Making a choice to end a life is never a choice of a human . Although many may not agree with Deontological theory, to sustain a life vs  ending a life is the moral way of life. References Kant, I. (2008). Groundwork for the metaphysic of morals. In J. Bennett (Ed. & Trans.), Early Modern Philosophy. Retrieved from http://www.earlymoderntexts.com/pdfs/kant1785.pdf (Original work published in 1785). Mosser, K. (2013). Understanding philosophy. San Diego, CA: Bridgepoint Education, Inc. Annas, J. (2006). Virtue ethics. In D. Copp (Ed.), the Oxford Handbook of Ethical Theory (pp. 515– 36). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved from https://www.sesync.org/sites/default/files/resources/case_studies/10-kenyaecotourism- handbook.pdf

Natureview Farm Case Study Essays

Natureview Farm Case Study Essays Natureview Farm Case Study Paper Natureview Farm Case Study Paper Founded in 1989, Natureview Farm, Inc. is a small yogurt manufacturer. The current management team consists of, Barry Landers, CEO, Jim Wagner, CFO, Christine Walker, VP of marketing, Walter Bellini, VP of sales, Jack Gottlieb, VP of operations, and Kelly Riley, assistant marketing director. In 1997, Natureview received equity from a venture capital firm to help fund strategic investments. With proper management and necessary strategic investments, Natureview was able to grow its revenue from less than $100,000 in 1989 to $13M in 1999. The problem the current management team is faced with now, in early 2000, is that the venture capital firm wants to cash out and Natureview needs to find another investor or position itself for acquisition. In order to do so, Natureview needs to increase its annual revenue from $13M to $20M, by the end of 2001. NaturevieWs success in the natural foods channel is as a result of its emphasis on natural ingredients and its strong reputation for high quality and great taste. The special process and natural ingredients used by Natureview results in a unique mooth, creamy texture and an average shelf life of 50 days versus its competitors products that have a 30 day shelf life. Additional contributors to its success were the expansion of additional flavors and cup sizes, strong relationships with leading natural food retailers, and gorilla marketing tactics. Natureview entered the market with 8-oz. and 32-oz. cup sizes of plain and vanilla yogurt. They now offer 12 flavors in 8-oz. cup size which represents 86% of revenue, and 4 flavors in 32-oz. up size ontributing 14% of revenue. Currently, NaturevieWs products are only available in natural food chain stores, and Natureview has strong relationships with the top two, Whole Foods and Wild Oats. Chartered with the difficult task of developing a strategy to achieve $20M in revenues by the end of 2001 , the management team developed three options for consideration. The first option, recommended by Walter Bell ini, is to expand into two select supermarket channel regions (eastern and western) with six SKUs of its 8-oz. roduct line. The conservative projections of sales for this option of 35 million units will result in an incremental $16. 1M of revenue (net manufacturers selling price after channels to market markup) resulting in approximately $29. 070M in annual revenues. The second option, recommended by Jack Gottlieb, is to expand four SKUs of the 32-oz. size nationally. The projections of sales for this option of 5. 5 million units will result in an incremental $9. 240M of revenue resulting in approximately $22. 214M in annual revenues. The third option recommended by Kelly Riley, is to xpand its presence in the natural food channel by introducing two SKUs of a new childrens multi-pack product line, which is a six pack of 4-oz. cups. The projections of sales for this option of 1. 8 million units will result in an incremental $3. 186M of revenue resulting in approximately $16. 317M in annual revenues. In both the first and second option, expansion into the supermarket channel may cause channel conflict for Natureview and risk to its 24% of yogurt sales through the natural food channel. Retail supermarket prices are generally 15% lower than the natural food hannel which may force NaturevieWs traditional channel to lower their prices or supermarket channel now could have longer term impact since supermarket retailers will likely authorize only one organic yogurt brand, giving the first brand to enter the channel a significant first-mover advantage. Additional advantages to the first and second option are that supermarkets sold 97% of all yogurts consumed with 46% of organic food consumers purchasing from a supermarket, compared to 29% at a natural food channel. Additional risks of entering the supermarket channel are the ayment of one-time slotting fees of $10,000 per SKU per retail chain, incremental SGA and advertising costs, heavy reliance on brokers knowledge of promotional and merchandising requirements and a concentrated market with four leading competitors where the top two represent over 50% of the market. Specific to option one, additional advantages are the 8-oz. yogurt cups represent 74% of total category supermarket sales in US dollars growing at a rate of 3% per year. Additional advantages of option two are in 32-oz. ogurt cups the most important purchase riteria were brand, expiration date, and price, giving Natureview an advantage with its 50 day average shelf life and the average gross profit margin of 43. 6% versus 36. 0% for 8-oz. line. Advantages to option three are lack of disruption to existing relationships; the multi-pack represented 9% of category sales and is growing by more than 12. 5%, and potential to yield stron gest profit contribution of all the strategies outlined. The disadvantage with option three is that the company will not hit its revenue goal. In my opinion, the company should pursue option one, because n order to attract an investor or get acquired, the annual revenue production of $20M is required. Despite some potential channel conflict and decline in existing natural channel sales, option one would still allow them to achieve this target. Other natural food brands including Silk Soymilk and Amys Organic Foods have had proven success in the supermarket channel, increasing revenues 200% within two years. Natureview may experience the same success by being the first organic yogurt product in supermarket retail locations.

Edwin Howard Armstrong, Inventor of FM Radio

Edwin Howard Armstrong, Inventor of FM Radio Edwin Howard Armstrong (December 18, 1890–February 1, 1954) was an American inventor and one of the great engineers of the 20th century. He is best known for developing the technology for FM (frequency modulation) radio. Armstrong won numerous patents for his inventions and was inducted into the National Inventors Hall of Fame in 1980. Fast Facts: Edwin Howard Armstrong Known For: Armstrong was an accomplished inventor who developed the technology for FM radio.Born: December 18, 1890 in New York, New YorkParents: John and Emily ArmstrongDied: February 1, 1954 in New York, New YorkEducation: Columbia UniversityAwards and Honors: National Inventors Hall of Fame, Institute of Radio Engineers Medal of Honor, French Legion of Honor, Franklin MedalSpouse: Marion MacInnis (m.  1922-1954) Early Life Armstrong was born in New York City on December 18, 1890, the son of John and Emily Armstrong. His father was an employee of Oxford University Press, while his mother was deeply involved in the Presbyterian Church. When he was still very young Armstrong became afflicted with St. Vitus Dance- a muscular disorder- which forced him to be home-schooled for two years. Education Armstrong was only 11 years old when Guglielmo Marconi made the first trans-Atlantic radio transmission. Enthralled, the young Armstrong began studying radio and building homemade wireless equipment, including a 125-foot antenna in his parents backyard. His interest in science and technology took Armstrong to Columbia University, where he studied at the schools Hartley Laboratories and made a strong impression on several of his professors. He finished college in 1913 with a degree in electrical engineering. Regenerative Circuit The same year he graduated, Armstrong invented the regenerative or feedback circuit. Regeneration amplification worked by feeding a received radio signal through a radio tube 20,000 times per second, increasing the power of the received radio signal and allowing radio broadcasts to have a greater range. In 1914, Armstrong was awarded a patent for this invention. His success, however, was short-lived; the following year another inventor, Lee de Forest, filed several applications for competing patents. De Forest believed that he had developed the regenerative circuit first, as did several other inventors who became involved in the legal dispute that lasted many years. Although an initial case was resolved in Armstrongs favor, a later decision ruled that De Forest was the true inventor of the regenerative circuit. This was Armstrongs first experience with the legal system that would later cause him so much turmoil. FM Radio Armstrong is most commonly known for inventing frequency modulation, or FM radio, in 1933. FM improved the audio signal of radio by controlling the static caused by electrical equipment and the earths atmosphere. Prior to this, amplitude modulation (AM) radio had been extremely susceptible to such interference, which was what prompted Armstrong to investigate the problem in the first place. He conducted his experiments in the basement of Columbia Universitys Philosophy Hall. In 1933, Armstrong received U.S. patent 1,342,885 for a Method of Receiving High-Frequency Oscillations Radio for his FM technology. Again, Armstrong was not the only one experimenting with such technology. Scientists at the Radio Corporation of America (RCA) were also testing frequency modulation techniques to improve radio transmissions. In 1934, Armstrong presented his latest finding to a group of RCA officials; he later demonstrated the power of the technology using an antenna at the top of the Empire State Building. RCA, however, decided not to invest in the technology and instead focused on television broadcasting. Armstrong had not lost faith in his discovery, though. He continued to refine and promote FM radio technology, first by partnering with smaller companies such as General Electric and then by presenting the technology to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). Unlike the RCA officials, those at the FCC presentation were impressed by Armstrongs demonstration; when he played them a jazz recording over FM radio, they were struck by the clarity of the sound. Improvements to FM technology over the 1930s made it more and more competitive with existing technologies. In 1940, the FCC decided to create a commercial FM service, which launched the following year with 40 channels. However, the outbreak of World War II limited the resources that could be put toward new radio infrastructure. Conflicts with RCA- which was still using AM transmissions- also prevented FM radio from taking off. It was not until after the war that the technology began to win popular support. In 1940, RCA, seeing that it was losing the technological race, tried to license Armstrongs patents, but he refused the offer. The company then developed its own FM system. Armstrong accused RCA of patent infringement and began litigation against the company, hoping to win damages for lost royalties. Death Armstrongs inventions made him a rich man, and he held 42 patents in his lifetime. However, he also found himself embroiled in protracted legal disputes with RCA, which viewed FM radio as a threat to its AM radio business. Much of Armstrongs time, as a consequence of the litigation, was devoted to legal matters rather than work on new inventions. Struggling with personal and financial problems, Armstrong committed suicide in 1954 by jumping to his death from his New York City apartment. He was buried in Merrimac, Massachusetts. Legacy In addition to frequency modulation, Armstrong is also known for developing a number of other key innovations. Every radio or television set today makes use of one or more of his inventions. Armstrong even invented the superheterodyne tuner that allowed radios to tune into different radio stations. During the 1960s, NASA used FM transmissions to communicate with its astronauts while they were in space. Today, FM technology is still used throughout the world for most forms of audio broadcasting. Sources Sterling, Christopher H., and Michael C. Keith.  Sounds of Change: a History of FM Broadcasting in America. University of North Carolina Press, 2008.Richter, William A.  Radio: a Complete Guide to the Industry. Lang, 2006.

Retracing your steps

Retracing your steps Retracing your steps Retracing your steps By Hugh Ashton Its probably fair to say that no one enjoys editing and rewriting their own work. The first flush of creation is fun especially with fiction. Characters start to fill out and find their own voices. Neat little phrases that youve been saving up for some time pop out and appear in their appointed places, and the plot moves along nicely towards a satisfactory finish. And then the bubble pops. A friend, whose judgement you trust, reads the manuscript and tells you that the plot detail you really loved is actually impossible. Of course, this tiny little plot detail is the one on which the whole of the rest of the book hinges. So what you must do is rip up the story from that point on and rewrite it. Thats the kind of situation Im in now. At about the start of 2008 I finished the draft of a novel about the financial world in Tokyo. The dà ©nouement (what a nice word that is, especially with the accent!) includes an account of a massive earthquake that rocks Tokyo. What it does not include is any account of the Lehmans debacle and any book dealing with financial matters which has any pretense to realism should definitely include a reference to this event. So, seeing that the (long overdue) earthquake hasnt occurred, but the collapse of the banking world has, I am busy rewriting, and its sometimes a bit painful to be retreading these old paths. How is this different from the first burst of writing? On the one hand I know too much. I know how the storys going to end, and how its going to come about (I tend not to micro-plan stories in advance but I like the ending I have already). So its boring not to create it from scratch. On the other hand, I have a much clearer picture in my head of the characters than I did first time round. Theyre more real to me than they were, and as a result, their dialog, as well as their actions, makes more sense to the reader. Because I am closer to them, I also have an emotional involvement with them something that wasnt really there before and I think this makes a real difference to the writing. One reader of the first draft made the valid criticism that he didnt really feel he cared too much about what happened to the protagonist there wasnt enough there to hold psychological interest, though the story itself was interesting. I am trying to rewrite the last quarter of the book from scratch, rather than re-use previously written material, and this introduces an obvious advantage to the rewriting process the ability to revise and remove awkwardness in style and plot. But to me the major advantage, boring as it may be to actually perform the rewriting, is that I have become better acquainted with my characters, and I can breathe more life into them. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Fiction Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:100 Idioms About Numbers50 Idioms About Arms, Hands, and Fingers30 Nautical Expressions

Problems in Chinese Education System and steps taken to improve the Essay

Problems in Chinese Education System and steps taken to improve the system - Essay Example Nine years of education is made compulsory in China at preliminary and junior secondary level. However, there is very low government spending on education. Teaching resources are not sufficient as the enrolments in schools. China’s National Auditing Office recently released the 2003 auditing results of 18 universities in China. It was found out that there were violations of financial regulations in these universities. Furthermore, when university professor Mr. Sun Guangwen and former secretary Lin Mu were interviewed about China’s education system, they identified three major problems which are unequal opportunity, expensive tuition and difficult standards for admission. There are also issues regarding course material and teaching methods of China’s education system.... ccording to survey of China’s Academy of Social Sciences, the average education related fees of universities, high schools and elementary schools account for 30 to 60 percent of a family’s income. To the low income families residing in China who accounts up to 80 percent of Chinas population, education fees are a secondary expense to food expense (Yue & Hong, 2006). Lin Mu has identified an emerging concept of â€Å"education commercialization† in China. Schools are now a commercial business; they only keep raising their fees and emptying poor family’s pockets. Even the free schools now charge some amount of money. Professor Sun regards commercialization as wrong and has drawbacks. Commercialization is based on making money. This increases burden towards students. Schools are also required to pay bonuses to teachers. Some schools pay really high bonuses. There are three levels in a school. The first level includes the president, vice president, secretary a nd vice secretary, deans and assisted deans. These people are paid 50,000 yuan or US$ 6000 per year. The second level of staff is paid 40,000 yuan or US$ 5000 and the third level is paid 30,000 yuan or US$ 4000 per year. All this money is coming from students (Yue & Hong, 2006). Through commercialization, universities and colleges have started branding their institutes which attracts students so that they can get better jobs later. Another way for these institutes to make money is by offering short courses, training classes or post graduate certificate programs. These are affordable as the teachers only care about money. As a result, the quality of education is seriously suffering (Yue & Hong, 2006). An expert once estimated and came on a conclusion, based on the ratio and people’s income, the expense of

Research paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Research Paper Example However, as the industry grew the early manufacturers could not keep pace with the technology that advanced in so many directions all at the same time. Vertical integration in the industry became difficult as there were too many technologies and manufacturing intricacies. As a result specialist companies emerged that mass-produced specialized components and supply it to several computer manufacturers. This form of outsourcing worked cheaper for computer manufacturers and many such as IBM, Sony, HP and Compaq abandoned the vertical integration model. They preferred to concentrate on efficient assembly and marketing their own brand computers instead of developing and R&D base and investing in it. Dell, however, preferred to continue with the shorter-value chain model by selling directly to customers, avoiding the intermediary commissions and costs associated with distribution through independent retailers. Gradually, companies such as HP even started outsourcing the assembly to contrac tors, while focusing on product design and marketing. All the vendors tried to minimize the amount of finished goods in dealer inventories and shorten the time it took to replenish dealer stocks. Dell stuck to its own business model of Built-to-Order (BOT). Dell’s supply chain efficiency had eroded between 2003 and 2006 when it peaked at five days on inventory supply. They found it difficult to get cooperation from other organizations and bureaucracy started prevailing within the organization. There was misalignment between its procurement and supply chain activities, and with its assembly line. Dell wanted to partner only with reputed suppliers rather than have 20 suppliers all supplying to all computers manufactures. They stuck to one or two suppliers and maintained long-term partnership with them. They however, brought down their inventory turn cycle from 32 days in 1995 to 7 days in 1998, and to four

Intercultural Communications Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Intercultural Communications - Research Paper Example From the day of its discovery until today, coffee has been a part of many nations’ customs and occasions. With a considerable market share, coffee, regardless of its kind, proves to be an interesting part of every culture, and that is why it is an important subject of research in the field of social studies. Tracing back the roots of coffee culture leads to rediscovering history, particularly how customs and traditions have evolved with the presence of the famous beverage. Coffee  is one of the most popular beverages in the world (Villanueva et al. 20-40). It would be difficult to find a restaurant, hotel, or any place that is not serving coffee. The popularity of coffee makes it an important part of human culture. Likewise, people cannot easily ignore its popularity due to its marketability and health benefits. A brief background of coffee, its origin and evolution is beneficial to know how it has become a part of human culture. Coffee is sourced from roasted  seeds of th e  coffee plant commonly known as coffee beans. The earliest trace of coffee dates back to the ninth century A.D. in southern Arabia (Weinberg and Bealer 75). Then from Ethiopia, it spread to Egypt and Yemen, then to Persia, Northern Africa, Turkey, and Armania, then to Italy and the rest of Europe; to Indonesia; and to the Americas (Meyers). Aside from being a part of many households’ breakfast, coffee has taken part in important historical occasions. For instance, it was employed in religious ceremonies in Africa and Yemen. Likewise, coffee has attracted much global attention as it was banned in  Ottoman Turkey in the 17th century due to political reasons (Hopkins). Moreover, it was also implicated in revolutionary political activities in Europe (Hopkins). These incidents associated with coffee make it a controversial beverage, a really important part of human history and culture. As a commodity, coffee is one of the most important agricultural products in the world. Mo re than 80 countries cultivate coffee (â€Å"Coffee Drinking Culture†). Likewise, coffee was at the top of agricultural export for 12 countries in 2004 (FAO Statistical Yearbook, 24) and was the world's seventh-largest legal agricultural export by value in 2006. To date, its production amounts to US$14 billion yearly (FAOSTAT Core Trade Data). The important role that coffee has played throughout history asserts the practice of drinking coffee as part of the universal culture. Due to its flavor, aroma, and energizing effects, coffee has become a popular beverage to complement home meals, and also serves as a socializing medium among people of different cultures. The role of coffee as a socializing medium may be referenced to the Les Deux Magots, a cafe formerly located in Rue de Buci in France. This cafe used to be the social hub of many literary writers in the 1900s. The place served as a venue for their meetings, literary sharing, and story telling. Indeed, in his book title d, â€Å"A Movable Feast† Ernest Hemingway (72), a world-acclaimed writer recalls his memories of Les Deux Magots as it used to be a rendezvous for all literary enthusiasts in the early 1900s. in Hemingway’s story, he and his friends used to go to Les Deux Magots for coffee before going home finally. Moreover, other literary authors such as Steve Matchett, Abha Dawesar, Vladimir Nabokov, and Craig Ferguson have their own reminiscences of the place in their own respective works. This shows not only the

Hinduism paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism paper - Essay Example (Brodd, 2003) Interestingly, Hinduism differs from the other dominating religions, such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc due to a number of factors. Firstly, unlike abovementioned religions, Hinduism does not offer a uniting belief system, which has often been criticized by scholars of comparative religious studies. However, despite of such lacking, this religion has been able to unite its followers socially, as well as, culturally. (Michaels, 2004) In other words, Hinduism can be deemed as a cultural and regional platform for moral development, rather than a religious notion. One of the most significant factors that unite members of Hindu religion is its region. Unlike other religions where a religious scholar can bring a non-religious person into his religion, only individuals that born in the sub-continent are allowed to be a part of Hinduism, which is one of the most significant factors of uniting members of the Hindu community. Generally, it is a misconception that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion; however, Vedas are the most recognized sacred scriptures of Hinduism that pronounces monotheistic concept of God. In practice, Hindus worship different deities and idols, which are considered as attributes to one God, Brahma, and idolatry is an important practice of Hinduism that has kept its followers united in a cultural manner. (Brodd, 2003) Thirdly, social structure described in sacred scriptures of Hinduism has played a vital and crucial role in maintaining balance in the Hindu society. Although social classes of such system, such as Brahmin, Kshat riya, Vaishya, and Shudra have been used politically as well; however, it has organized the society in an effective manner. Cultural aspect of Hinduism has played a significant role in influencing the social and cultural practices of people living in the sub-continent. Devotional literature and traditions have provided an aesthetic touch to

English Language Teaching Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

English Language Teaching - Essay Example These factors also play a very pivotal role in determining the standing of children and hence influence the designing of the different courses that need to be prepared for children (Hamachek. 1999). It is also important to mention here that the children enrolling this course learn English as a foreign language; it becomes almost mandatory to design programs through the help of which they can acquire greater understanding of grammar and pronunciation principles and features to enhance their skills in the language. English, a language spoken frequently throughout the world has become an important element to learn (Crystal. 2003). It is with this importance that even studies and the workplace environment globally lay special emphasis towards learning this language as a basic source of communication that would then be used in normal day to day activities. (McGuiness. 2004) For those in the area of learning or fresh starters looking to give a start to their career by using this language a s a main or secondary source of contact, there are many assessment courses kick off a start for an individual’s English learning. Either to easily grade themselves as to how well they speak or if not then how quickly can they capitalise over this much needed skill that is the communication skill (Lafayette. 1993). Lesson Plan 1 One of the most rudimentary characteristics that need to be fostered and subsequently cultured within students who are learning English as their foreign language is to make them realise the importance of reading and the level of understanding that they can obtain from adopting the habit of reading. One key advantage that will be obtained from this habit is that students will be able... From the beginning, the Chinese students especially enjoyed the freedom to work on this lesson plan. They realised that this communication also requires work. Some have even found they had more work than before. But it is they themselves who requested this work, the detailed vocabulary, grammar, accurate, complicated sentences. The lesson plan helped them to reuse what they had already learned. The student could choose the topic of discussion according to several criteria. They could ignore the themes that do not attract them. Students wanted to know how the others had contributed to the discussion on the topics they had chosen themselves. In other cases, they chose according to the country of origin and read all the contributions of one class over all the topics because they had the same level of language and were therefore understandable. The language level has proved a very important criterion for selection. The topics which are too long and difficult discouraged some students who did not even want to try. Every student could work alone or with a friend, use the dictionary, seek advice from teachers, sometimes even abandoning the text to take another. By repeating the most effective strategies he developed strategic competence needed to learn not only a foreign language, but learning in general.

Hinduism paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hinduism paper - Essay Example (Brodd, 2003) Interestingly, Hinduism differs from the other dominating religions, such as Christianity, Islam, Judaism, etc due to a number of factors. Firstly, unlike abovementioned religions, Hinduism does not offer a uniting belief system, which has often been criticized by scholars of comparative religious studies. However, despite of such lacking, this religion has been able to unite its followers socially, as well as, culturally. (Michaels, 2004) In other words, Hinduism can be deemed as a cultural and regional platform for moral development, rather than a religious notion. One of the most significant factors that unite members of Hindu religion is its region. Unlike other religions where a religious scholar can bring a non-religious person into his religion, only individuals that born in the sub-continent are allowed to be a part of Hinduism, which is one of the most significant factors of uniting members of the Hindu community. Generally, it is a misconception that Hinduism is a polytheistic religion; however, Vedas are the most recognized sacred scriptures of Hinduism that pronounces monotheistic concept of God. In practice, Hindus worship different deities and idols, which are considered as attributes to one God, Brahma, and idolatry is an important practice of Hinduism that has kept its followers united in a cultural manner. (Brodd, 2003) Thirdly, social structure described in sacred scriptures of Hinduism has played a vital and crucial role in maintaining balance in the Hindu society. Although social classes of such system, such as Brahmin, Kshat riya, Vaishya, and Shudra have been used politically as well; however, it has organized the society in an effective manner. Cultural aspect of Hinduism has played a significant role in influencing the social and cultural practices of people living in the sub-continent. Devotional literature and traditions have provided an aesthetic touch to

Hypothetical situations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hypothetical situations - Assignment Example Personal honesty is a moral standard that should guide committed and devoted engineers. With personal honesty, civil engineers will construct bridges not with the greed of making money but with the honesty of using appropriate proportionality of the required material that will enhance reputation of the engineers, longevity of the structure and safety of the users. Secondly, engineers distinctively should practice with the mindful care of the environment. Since their area of practice and exploration is the natural environment, therefore it would make more sense if they cared for it more as a form of long-term investment. If their exploration is guided by short time gains and personal interest, then the environment is at risk of being over-exploited. This will leave the future generation with serious risks (Aristotle & Reeve, 2014). It is, therefore, arguable that the two virtues have a bearing on a wider scope of significance and inside them, there is a host virtue that will be put into practice such as avoiding bribery, ensuring public safety, fairness and conflict of interest. Q2. In the present time of arrogance, people who have humility and full of virtues are considered as weak and timid. One of my acquaintances who had excelled in his A-level examinations had full-blown arrogance as the happiest of all the candidates who sat for those final examinations. At the same time, a classmate that did averagely on the exam was happy that he had gone through the system, which he out rightly considered as not strategic for him. He had great ideas of entrepreneurship that made him get the breakthrough. With humility and his humble stature, he employed a number of the poor and paid them honestly. In the fullness of time, the brightest student of our time went through the system with every holiday working as the part-timer on the business empire that the failure had developed. On reflection,

The Muslim World Essay Example for Free

The Muslim World Essay World is divided into different divisions depending upon the economic conditions, race, culture and most importantly religion. The division of world is more evident after the September 11 attacks into Muslim world and anti-Muslim world. The political ideology and attitudes were now deeply rooted among the individuals also. â€Å"The anti-Muslim attitudes of West united the Muslim world â€Å"is a blanket statement and have strong relevance to the present day. Western attitude: The conflict between in not a new one, it is continuing from 14 centuries some of the conflicts of the history are Ottoman Turkish empire expansion, quasi-colonial regimes by Britain and France, Britain occupation of Iran etc. The first and most important issue is the stand of United States in the ‘Israeli-Palestinian’ Conflict. The need to explain the policies of it on the issue were undermined and unheard. The role of the Western media which is publishing derogatory statements is also a cause of concern. US media used the terms such as Muslim fundamentalist, Shia extremist, Wahhabi zealots, Islamic Jihad, Islamic suicide bomber, Arab killer etc (Ali Khalid, 2008). The Muslim world is victimized more than the situation. Many allegations made by the West on different Muslim countries without any proofs. West failed in providing the evidence of the allegations after the war against the Iraq and its shift in the reasons for war, Muslim prisoners were tortured even after the wars, prolonged occupation etc are also serving as anti-American resentment (Duiker Spielvogel, 2009). Strong factors that united Muslim World: The anti-Muslim attitude united the Muslim world and started to have a common perception as a whole on West. The main reasons for this is unfavorable images where the Muslims are unfairly portrayed in media, Western Military presence in middle east making them U. S long term military base brining insecurity in the region, The containment policy toward Iraq with economic and military sanctions on it, the strong U. S policy towards the Arab-Israeli conflict, Support of the West to unpopular regimes etc. All these factors are allowing the Muslim world to rethink on their status ( Prados, 2001). From the Western perspective the main reasons for the anti-American resentment in the Muslim world is due to education, media and Anti-Americanism (Gentzkow, Shapiro, 2004). West counters: Even West is taking some of the measures to overcome this anti-American negative approach such as implementing the trade and aid programs to decrease economic inequalities, to change the unfavorable image, seeking support on U. S policy on Iraq, planning to developing new strategy on Arab-Israeli peace negotiations, influence positive open political systems etc. Conclusion: U. S is successful in brining gap between the Muslim world to an extent where it divided it into US allies, US enemies and Neutral countries basing on its relations. As a whole West is using all its strategies to change its image and forcing the Muslim world to react to against terrorism, the Muslim world persecution is different. But carefully watching Muslim world is aware of the West motives and started to have a common agenda and this will be fruitful in coming days. The statement â€Å"The anti-Muslim attitudes of West united the Muslim world† is justified by looking at the anti-Muslim factors causing the unification of Muslim world. Even though the West and U. S in particular are taking the measure to have a better image in the Muslim World, the Muslim community is expecting more and concrete steps at ground level rather than confining to the media statements. Annotated Bibliography: Ali, S Khalid (2008). Mass Media and Muslim World: Portrayal of Muslim by â€Å"News Week† and â€Å"Time† (1991-2001). European Journal of Scientific Research, 21, 554-580. This is a research article which examines the representation and coverage of 12 Muslim countries. This investigation was done by the Time Magazine and the New Week during 1991-2001. This article has presented content analysis of 218 articles which belongs to 12 Muslim countries. Duiker, W. J Spielvogel, J. J. (2009). World History, Volume 2. 6th ed. MA: Cengage Learning. This book provides an overview of world history which discovers experiences and challenges to recognize global patterns. This book covers each and every aspect like political, economical, religious, social, cultural, intellectual and military history. It takes a global approach by comparing cultures throughout world history. This book helped to know the Muslim World perception on the U. S and also how U. S intervened in the internal aspects of Middle East. Prados, A. B. (2001). Middle East: Attitudes toward the United States. Congressional Research Service. Retrieved from: http://fpc. state. gov/documents/organization/7858. pdf This report discusses the attitude of Muslims and Arabs of Middle East against United Nations. It explained the factors which have created hatred towards the United States and the methods to deal with this position. Gentzkow, M. A. Shapiro, J. M. (2004). Media, Education and Anti-Americanism In the Muslim World. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18, 117–133. This paper is based on the media, education and anti-Americanism in the Muslim world by taking a survey of 10,000 people from nine Muslim countries. It examines how media use and education relate to the positivity towards United States and their belief.

Understanding The Personality Of Athletes Psychology Essay

Understanding The Personality Of Athletes Psychology Essay By 1992, more than 1,000 articles had been published on aspects of sport personality (Ruffer, 1976; Vealey, 1989, 2002). This voluminous research demonstrates how important researches and practitioners consider the role of personality to be in sports. With that in mind, this research attempted to determine if there is a relationship between types of personalities and sports preferences. Athletes from different sports and non-athletes will play a part in this particular study. The primary interest of this study is to examine their personalities and make a comparison. There are lots of concerns on does personality of an individual give way to the types of sport chosen to be played. This would trigger questions such as, is there a relationship between personality type and sport preference? How do people choose the sport they participate in? Would it be a matter of personality preference? Are certain personality types more attracted to certain sports, like in careers? Why some people pre fer individual sports over team sports? What do team players have in common? It seems reasonable to propose the idea that people will perform more to their potential if they understand themselves better and what drives their motivation. Most people do not know what they are capable of achieving. The reason is that they do not know themselves well enough. To know who we are and what we are able to do is especially important in sports. If a person knows more of his or her potentials and what they are able to accomplish, there will be a much greater chance for that person to find success. Therefore, more research should be done in this area in order to be able to help athletes and people in general to decide which sport would be best for them. This is especially relevant for young people, because they are trying to decide which sport they might play and they might even have an inspiration to turn professional later in life. This could relate to a quote by Paul Harris, which states, Personality has power to uplift, power to depress, power to curse, and power to b less. Understanding the personality of athletes also prove to be beneficial to achieve a greater achievement and success in their range of sports participation. According to Cristina Bortoni Versari (2008), her research on basketball team indicated that teams exhibit a predictable personality profile and that by understanding the psyche of the athlete, performance and team productivity can be enhanced. Interpersonal communication amongst players and coaching staff can improve; players can take advantage of their personal preferences and strengths and work on developing other areas identified in the assessment process. Optimal communication and performance can be achieved by identifying the athletes preferred learning and personality styles. Personality types are attracted to and succeed in certain sports just like they do in certain occupations. The more athletes and coaches understand about their personalities and the team profile, the more productive they can be. In their review of the relationship between sport and personality, Eysenck, Nias and Cox (1982) list a number of important conclusions. Based on the three well defined dimensions of personality, extraversion, neuroticism and psychotism, a number of findings are apparent: both average and superior sports person tend to be extraverted and tend to be lower on neuroticism but high on psychotism. On the other hand, extraverts are likely to be at a disadvantage in sports which the emphasis is on accuracy, such as rifle shooting and archery which call for calm, slow and deliberate preparation as researched by Davies (1989). By the same token, participants who are more extroverted might choose a team sport and where there is body contact and more aggressiveness. People who are introverted might be prone to an individual sport and a sport where there is no personal contact. Participants who involve themselves in an individual sport will be more egoistic. Nearly all researchers and reviewers in the area have pointed out the serious methodological shortcomings in this area. Essentially, two reasons clearly exist for this disappointing research. Most such research is weak in both conception and design. In fact, it would be surprising if the result werent contradictory and confusing. With this in mind, the researcher will conduct surveys utilizing the examination of athletes, non-athletes, gender, extroversion, neuroticism, sensation seeking, calmness, and other variables. The researchers will then compare findings and interpret the data gathered among different types of sport, and between athletes and non-athletes. All participants will have to complete a demographic questionnaire that assess gender, age, college major, sport they participate in (only for athletes) and GPA. Personality test will be conducted inclusive of Eysenck Personality Inventory (Eysenck Eysenck, 1975), Global 5 (2008) and Scale from the Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personal ity Questionnaire (Zuckerman, 2002). This study is concerned with correlations between measures of personality and different sport involvement within sport participation. One focus of interest is to ascertain what personality is the best for a particular sport, enabling the athletes and non athletes to find more success and interest with the least effort. Most people do not know what they are capable of achieving. The reason is that they do not know themselves well enough. To know who we are and what we are able to do is especially important in sports. If a person knows more of his or her potentials and what they are able to accomplish, there will be a much greater chance for that person to find success. This is especially relevant for young people, because they are trying to decide which sport they might play and they might even have an inspiration to turn professional later in life. Researchers have asked for example, what causes one student to be excited about physical education class whereas others dont even bother to dress out. Researched have questioned why some exercisers stay with their fitness program whereas others lose motivation and drop out. All the lack of interest and drop outs of fitness programs could give way to greater problem for a normal average person because they may not get involved in sports anymore. This situation may have caused the alarming raise of obesity cases in Malaysians aged 18 and above, whereby the statistics showed that obesity cases had increased by 3 times from 4.4% in year 1996 to 11.6 % in year 2006. With the huge increment in obesity cases, it is rather sad to see only a slight increment of 3% for the same years taken, for Malaysians involving in sports. Therefore, the study on personality could give an indicator for a person to select the sport that best suit their behavior and with that, they could stick the regime to i mprove the quality of their life. Understanding the personality of athletes also prove to be beneficial to achieve a greater achievement and success in their range of sports participation. According to Cristina Bortoni Versari (2008), her research on basketball team indicated that teams exhibit a predictable personality profile and that by understanding the psyche of the athlete, performance and team productivity can be enhanced. Interpersonal communication amongst players and coaching staff can improve; players can take advantage of their personal preferences and strengths and work on developing other areas identified in the assessment process. Optimal communication and performance can be achieved by identifying the athletes preferred learning and personality styles. Personality types are attracted to and succeed in certain sports just like they do in certain occupations. The more athletes and coaches understand about their personalities and the team profile, the more productive they can be. This study is apparently the early attempt to study the relationship between personality type and sport preferences in Malaysia. The focus of interest in to ascertain the type of personality best suited for a particular sport, enabling athletes to find more success with the least effort. Besides that, it is easier to encourage non athletes to pick up certain physical activities or sports after their type of personality being known. This collides with the human nature whereby, whenever a person knows of his or her potential, they will further gain interest and develop deeper involvement and passion in it. This theory was originated by Sigmund Freud in 1933; with a number of psychoanalytic theorists have proposed modifications to the original theory, namely Carl Jung, Erich Fromm and Erik Erickson (Mischel, 1986). This theory is based primarily upon self analysis and extensive clinical observation of neurotics. However, this theory has had little direct impact on sport personality research, due to their clinical and psychological focus. In Freuds view, the id, ego and superego form the tripartite structure of personality; in a sense the id is the pleasure seeking mechanism. In contrast, the ego represents the conscious, logical, reality oriented aspect of the personality. The superego represents the conscience of the individual; it is the internalized moral standards of societies impressed upon the person by parental control and the process of socialization. From the view of social learning theory, human behavior is a function of social learning and the strength of the situation. An individual behaves according to how he or she has learned to behave, consistent with environmental constraints. The origin of social learning theory can be traced to Clark Hulls 1943 Theory of Learning. Hulls stimulus response theory says that an individuals behavior in any given situation is a function of his or her learned experiences. According to Bandura in the year 1977, behavior is best explained as a function of observational learning. A considerable amount of research in sport psychology has utilized the social learning approach. The basic position or factory theory is that personality can be described in terms of traits possessed by individuals. Traits are considered to be stable, enduring and consistent across a variety of differing situations. Individuals differ in each trait due to genetic differences. Among the most ardent advocates of trait psychology are psychologists such as Alport, Cattell and Eysenck. The great strength of this theory is that it allows for the easy and objective measurement of personality through the use of inventories. Conversely, the weakness of the trait approach is that it may fail to consider the whole person, since personality according to this approach is represented by a collection of specific traits.

Capital Punishment Essay -- essays research papers

More than 4,300 people have been executed in the United States since 1930. There is no way of knowing how many people have been executed in the United States because executions were once a public affair with no central agency keeping track of them. In addition to these judicialy imposed actions, there were 4,730 recorded lynchings by vigilantes in the U.S. with most being publicly displayed. Some people, such as Pope Johm Paul II believe that these punishments are cruel and outright evil. While on the other hand, many feel that these actions taken are well deserved, like Missouri’s Gov. Mel Carnahan who has allowed 22 men to be executed during his 7 years in office. I believe that Capital Punishment is a neccesity in our society being that the crime fits the punishment, such as murder and rape.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Many offenders of these malicious crimes often end up being released out into society only to be back on the same track of mischief. Eighty percent of first time violent sexual offenders, such as kidnapping rapist and child molesters, commit the same crimes again after their release from prison (where they had zero rehabilitaion). The average time served by first time kidnapping rapist and child molesters is 4 ½ years. In 4 ½ years they’re terrorizing children once again. If these repeat offenders would have been terminated, we would not have to worry about them roming our streets once again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  With the high rate of crime we have...

Industrialization in “Hard Times” by Charles Dickens Essay

The industrial revolution was an era of mechanization. During this era, in 1854, Charles Dickens (1812-1870) wrote Hard Times to comment upon the change within society and its effect on its people. Dickens points out the flaws and limitations of this new society in his eloquent and passionate plea on behalf of the working poor (Charles Dickens Hard Times, 2000). The novel shows presents to readers the authors perspective of life during the nineteenth century and makes comments on the central theme of fact versus fancy. Due to this theme, the novel ends with many characters realising that a person needs more than just fact in their life. The novel examines the utilitarian system through various characters such as Tom, who has been brought up in the utilitarian education system. Dickens exposes his own views on this system through Sissy Jupe, the uneducated daughter of a circus master, and the positive influence she has on the Gradgrind family. Thomas Gradgrind has a strong rationalist philosophy and believes that fact, and fact alone is the one thing needful but through the satirical way Thomas Gradgrind is described, Dickens makes his own comments regarding his conflicting views of this philosophy. Dickens introduces Mr Gradgrind as Thomas Gradgrind, sir. A man of realities. A man of fact and calculationswith a rule and a pair of scales, and multiplication table always in his pocket, sir, ready to weigh and measure and parcel of human nature (p48). This portrays Gradgrind as a man who places a numerical value on everything and does not believe in anything other than black and white fact. Gradgrind is described with a satirical tone which signifies that Dickens is mocking Gradgrind and the system which he believes in. Dickens ridicules Gradgrind through his use of sarcasm against him. This is shown when Dickens says You might hope to get some other nonsensical belief into the head of George Gradgrind, or Augustus Gradgrind, or John Gradgrind (all suppositious, non-existent persons), but into the head of Thomas Gradgrind no sir (p48) The no sir is an intrusion of the authors voice which, in a condescending tone, ridicules Thomas Gradgrinds strong belief in the utilitarian system. Through Mr Gradgrind, Dickens ridicules the system and it is evident that Dickens disagrees with it. Tom is a product of the utilitarian system and Dickens uses him to convey his  own opinions of the system. Tom was brought up by his father under a system that allowed room for nothing but fact (p47). He was not exposed to any emotion and as a result he did not develop any decent morals. He was taught to value fact alone whilst remaining ignorant of compassion. His callous nature is evident when he positions Steven Blackpool to be falsely accused of robbing the bank. Tom instructs Steven to just hang about the bank an hour or so (p191) and soon afterwards Tom goes ahead with the robbery. As a result of Toms instructions, the citizens blame Steven for robbing the bank as he was seen hanging about the bank just before the robbery. This incident reveals Toms deceitful nature due to the fact he is mercilessly able to let his fellow worker take the blame for his crime. It also signifies that even thought Tom was brought up in a system that was believed to be infallible; this utilitarian system did not teach him other more important things such as how to be a good person. Another example that reveals Toms cunningness is when Tom decides to visit Louisa after having ignored her for a long period of time. The only reason Tom does this is because he is aware that Mr Bounderby has proposed to Louisa and he wants to ensure that she accepts his proposal as this will increase his earnings at Mr Bounderbys bank. Tom says to Louisa Has father said anything particular to you, today or yesterday, Loo? then her brother glanced at her face with greater interest than usual, and, encircling her waist with his arm, drew her coaxingly to him (p130). The way Tom treats Louisa indicates that he only shows interest in his sister when he has something to gain from it. His actions are manipulative when he coaxingly brings her towards him. This shows that, even though Tom has been provided with what was believed to be the finest education, ad has learnt every Ology, he is still extremely selfish and uses people to his own will and benefit. Tom has turned out to be a very corrupt man and, being a product of the utilitarian system, Dickens uses Tom to declare that this system does not work. Dickens portrays the idea that the utilitarian system has drained all the goodness of human nature through the symbolic description of Sissy and Bitzer within Hard Times. For example, when Sissy and Bitzer are introduced to the reader, it is evident through the symbolism used that Dickens favours Sissy, of the lower class. The girl was so dark eyed and dark haired, that she seemed to receive a deeper and more lustrous colour from the sun when it shone upon her, the boy was so light eyed and light haired that the self-same rays appeared to draw out of him what little colour he ever possessed (p50). This passage is significant because it reveals Dickens opinion of the utilitarian system. It is no coincident that Bitzer, the boy who was educated under the system of fact has been described as colourless while Sissy, the poor and uneducated girl, has been described as lustrous. The colour symbolises the fancy while the paleness represents the fact and through the above passage Dickens states that Bitzer is being filled with so much fact that it is draining all the fancy out of him. Sissy, on the other hand, has not been educated and filled with fact therefore she has been characterised as dark and full of colour. Another example that epitomises Dickens use of colour to represent goodness is when Sissy is revealing to Louisa that she never once envied her. She says I had nothing to complain of, and was not at all hurt (p148). This demonstrates Sissys unpretentious nature and the author believes this is a respectable quality to possess which he highlights by saying Her colour rose as she said it modestly and hurriedly(p148). This shows that Dickens has used colour to represent kindness whilst a lack of colour, such as that describing Bitzer, to highlight the negative outcomes of the system. Through Sissys influence on the Gradgrind family Dickens presents the idea that there is another thing needful than just fact. Another critique, David Craig, also agrees that Dickens conveys is opinions his views on the utilitarian system through inspection of the Gradgrind family. Hard Times is increasingly taken over by an examination of the family, showing how damaging and limiting an upbringing which allows no place for imagination and fancy can be. The effect Sissy has on the Gradgrinds is shown through the way the characters change throughout the novel. For example, at the beginning of the novel Louisa is unable to express her emotions because even if she does try she is told not to. Later in the novel when Louisa becomes ill Sissy spends considerable amounts of time with her. This gives Louisa an  opportunity to learn about love and compassion. This is evident when Louisa cries out Forgive me, pity me, help me! Have compassion on my great need, and let me lay this head of mi ne upon a loving heart. This speech by Louisa is very different to anything said by her earlier in the novel. It is an outburst of emotion and there is evidence of expression which Dickens has indicated through the use of exclamation marks. Another incident that epitomises Sissys kindness, and the consequence this has, is the speech given by Mrs Gradgrind preceding her death. She tells Louisa You learnt a great deal, LouisaOlogies of all kinds, from morning to nightbut there is something not an Ology at all that your father has missed, or forgotten, Louisa I dont know what it is. I have often sat with Sissy near me, and thought about it (p225). Sissys presence is noteworthy because it indicates that Sissy inspires Mrs Gradgrinds emotional being, something that the Gradgrinds were never exposed to before. It shows that Sissy possess a certain touch of humanity that not even the most fact-filled person could provide or teach. Through this Dickens states that even though Sissy has not been educated, she has much to offer to the world; she has more than what Mr Gradgrind could ever have taught his children. Charles Dickens lived during the industrial revolution, an era ruled by utilitarianism. His knowledge of the system as well as his personal opinion is revealed in Hard Times through the characterisation of the Gradgrind family, Sissy Jupe and Bitzer. Mr Gradgrind believes that fact is one and only thing you need whilst Sissy believes there is more to life than fact. Throughout the novel these two philosophies are compared and as an end result readers are positioned to believe, through techniques of characterisation and symbolism used by Dickens, that fancy is just as important as fact. Dickens states that a person without fancy cannot possess the goodness and modesty present within Sissy and that even the most intelligent person who knows all their Ologies cannot be a moral person if they do not nourish their emotion and imagination. References: Oldham, R. (2000). Charles Dickens Hard Times. Retrieved 27 August 2005, from http://www.pillowrock.com/ronnie/hardtimes.htm

Clinical Psychologists In India Health And Social Care Essay

This paper discusses the blank in current ethical criterions in the pattern of clinical psychological science in India followed by a suggested working paradigm of ethical criterions. Mental wellness services in India are plagued with fiscal restraints, deficiency of acknowledgment of clinical psychologists, widespread superstitious notion or ignorance, hapless educational preparation, and the deficiency of an organized and unified organic structure for the promotion of clinical psychological science. With due accent to these restraints, an moralss codification exemplar based on the four general rules of the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) is suggested. Culture specific criterions are referenced and included from bing criterions in India, and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) moralss codification ( 2002 ) . Keywords: Ethical motives, Clinical Psychology, India. Unified Ethical motives Code for Clinical Psychologists in India This paper discusses the blank in current ethical criterions in the pattern of clinical psychological science in India. A paradigm of a working moralss codification is suggested, with mention to the bing criterions in India, the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles for Psychologists ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) and the American Psychological Association ( APA ) Ethical motives Code ( 2002 ) . The paper is divided into four subdivisions. Section 1 affirms the importance of holding an ethical codification for pattern. Section 2 delineates the present province of ethical behavior in India. Section 3 lists the structural and milieu considerations for pattern in India. Finally, subdivision 4 nowadayss a working paradigm of an ethical codification for pattern in India. The paper concludes with restrictions and suggestions for future work.Section 1: Importance of an Ethical motives codification: Why do we necessitate an moralss codification?The being of an moralss codification maintains public assurance ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ; Fisher 2003 ) , educates professionals about outlooks of ethical and unethical behavior ( Fisher, 2003 ) , leads to allow intercessions ( Agarwal, 2010 ) , encourages grudges resort ( Fisher, 2003 ) , decreases external ordinance ( Fisher, 2003 ) and presents a line of defence in the instance of external engagement ( like jurisprudence ) ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Furthermore ethical pattern instills compassion and bravery, taking to a rewarding vocational and personal life ( Koocher and Keith-Spiegel, 2008 ) . An ethics codification is an indispensible tool for quality attention.Section 2: Ethical motives in India: PresentThis subdivision elucidates the current province of ethical pattern in India. Access to allow information was limited by scarceness of consistent and electronic information. The information presented here reflects available information. Overall there is limited consciousness about the services of clinical psychologists, yet there hav e been important betterments in handiness of clinicians in multiple scenes like general infirmaries, rehabilitation and mental wellness centres, vocational and educational organisations ( Prasadarao and Sudhir, 2001 ) . Three organisations that lay out some signifier of ethical rules for mental wellness practicians in India are the Indian Psychiatric Society ( IPS ) , the Indian Association of Clinical Psychologists ( IACP ) and the Rehabilitation Council of India ( RCI ) . The IPS adopted the ethical codification in 1985 and loosely divides the ethical rules into behavior between professionals and behavior of professionals with patients, important others and 3rd parties ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The IACP drafted a short and direct codification of behavior in 1993 and borrowed from the APA moralss codification ( Isaac, 2009 ) . The RCI lists clinical psychologists as one for the many rehabilitation professionals and adopted a codification of behavior in 1992, with generic guidelines. Common issues addressed by all three organisations are referrals, sentiments, consent, competency, confidentiality, client public assistance, 3rd party interactions, development and to a lesser extent research, adve rtizement and promotion ( Isaac, 2009 ; Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ; RCI, 1992 ) . Other relevant statute laws are the Consumer Protection Act ( 1986 ) and People with Disabilities Act ( 1995 ) ( Prasadarao and Sudhir, 2001 ) that attempts to protect clients as consumers of mental wellness services. Overall, there are minimum resources to turn to ethical ailments in all three organisations. The moralss commission could either non be located on the web site or no formal grudge procedure was listed. Although IPS has made the most headway in puting up ethical criterions, ethical pattern is constrained by inadequacy in preparation and research ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Nevertheless, IPS maintains some control over the ethical pattern of its members since head-shrinkers have to obtain a licence for pattern. In the sphere of clinical psychological science, there is incompatibility in the being of and entree to an ethical codification due to multiple psychological science related organisations ( IACP, RCI, National Academy of Psychology etc ) , without equal inter organisational communicating. More significantly, there is no legal, licensing and accreditation organic structure for clinical psychologists ( Isaac, 2009 ; Prabhu and Shankar, 2004 ) . It is impossible to enforce an ethical codification of behavior unless the enrollment, licensing, legal position and accreditation of preparation plans are unified. Apparently, RCI is supposed to be the authorization for clinical psychologists fo r official pattern ( P. Padakannaya, personal communicating, October 19 & A ; 21, 2010 ) . However, the voluntary nature of engagement with the RCI acts as a hindrance to practicians who can pattern even without this association. The deductions of unmonitored pattern can be terrible, doing irreversible injury to clients.Section 3: Ethical motives in India: FutureThis subdivision delineates the considerations required at assorted degrees to assistance in the development of a incorporate moralss codification in India.Degree I: Structure:The hereafter of a incorporate ethical codification for India Clinical Psychologists rests on two factors. First, there is a demand for a primary organic structure for clinical psychological science that oversees professional enrollment, licensing and preparation. Isaac ( 2009 ) considers it to be incumbent on the IACP to keep professional criterions. This may be appropriate since this is a specific organisation for the promotion of clinical psychologi cal science. The IACP can promote inter organisational communicating and muster resources for national acknowledgment. This is a gigantic undertaking sing the bureaucratic set up of India. Second, most Indian universities tend to hold their ain moralss commissions ( P. Padakannaya, personal communicating, October 19 & A ; 21, 2010 ) . An attempt towards inter university consistence in bring forthing general guidelines can be started at the same time. Professionals in the field, and university moralss commissions can be encouraged to direct in ethical quandary encountered to the centralized organic structure ( IACP ) , as was done in the creative activity and alteration of the APA moralss codification ( Fisher, 2003 ) . This is to a great extent dependent on the co-operation among universities and professionals ; yet another dimension of being a ego regulating profession.Level II: Foundational Milieu:Moral and spiritual beliefs along with assistance from the legal system and human ri ghts Torahs have been used as ethical determination devising theoretical accounts in India ( Sharma, 2003 ) . The Supreme Court has intervened to reform the distressing conditions of institutionalised patients, and the human rights Torahs have brought in international monitoring ( Sharma, 2003 ) . Persons routinely fall back on the Hindu construct of â€Å" karma † or transmigration of psyche whereby an person ‘s destiny is dependent on good workss in past and present lives, and mental wellness is seen as an result of bad workss ( Sethi, Gupta and Lal, 1977 ) . Indiscriminate acceptance of a western moralss codification is inappropriate due to cardinal differences in constructs of enduring. Suffering as cardinal and cosmopolitan in the E is in resistance to the individualisation of mental unwellness in the West ( Neki, 1975 ) . Further, struggles between ego subject ( east ) and self look ( west ) means appropriate accommodations in western psychotherapeuticss that rely on consciousness and look ( Neki, 1975 ) .Level III: Basis:Three resources are used to develop a incorporate and working theoretical account of an moralss codification for Indian clinical psychologists: Existing ethical criterions in India ( IPS, IACP and RCI ) . The four guidelines set Forth in the Universal Declaration of Ethical Principles ( UDEPP ) ( 2010 ) . ( Respect for the self-respect of individuals and peoples ; Competent attention ; Integrity and Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society ) . The UDEPP is used as it was drafted in audience with assorted states ( including India ) and reflects cosmopolitan values in ethical pattern. Furthermore, the UDEPP was drafted to help in the development and alteration of moralss codifications all over the universe ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) and is easy accessible. The APA Ethics Code ( 2002 ) . APA guidelines have informally influenced Indian ethical criterions ( Agarwal, 2010: Isaac, 2009 ) turn outing its utility.Section 4: Prototype of Ethical Standards of Practice in IndiaDue to the extended diverseness ( rural/urban, socioeconomic position, faith, caste etc ) , the appropriate place for India to follow is universalism whereby there are certain implicit in similarities in persons, but differences in manifestation ( Leach and Harbin, 1997 ) . Universalism besides represents the nucleus foundation of the UDEPP ( 2010 ) whereby similarities across civilizations have been translated into ethical guidelines. Hence, the format of the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) which lists the wide general rules followed by more specific behavioural guidelines is worthy of emulation in India. Professionals can try to closely follow the aspirational values as a map of this diverseness. The four rules of the UDEPP ( 2010 ) are used as the steering foundation al values. The relevant rules of the IPS, IACP and RCI and embedded within these wide values. This paradigm represents the bare basic to turn to uniformity and consistence in ethical pattern.Respect for People ‘s Rights and DignityThis is the most cardinal and cosmopolitan criterion found across cultural and professional boundaries ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) justifying inclusion. This standard promotes encompassing diverseness ( i.e. riddance of favoritism based on an person ‘s age, gender, faith, ethnicity, abilities etc ) and esteeming the worth of an person ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . Specifically, this standard addresses privateness, confidentiality and informed consent. Privacy and confidentiality. Agarwal ( 2010 ) emphasizes the intimate nature of client information, and informing the client of complete confidentiality except in certain state of affairss. Family plays an of import function in intervention and hence attention should be taken to obtain informed consent before discoursing information with the client ‘s household or the client can be encouraged to confide in the household ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . This is a developing construct as the person is treated as a portion of a unit instead than being completely independent. Widespread technological restrictions in the mostly agricultural society create complications with electronic medium and confidentiality. Breaching confidentiality in the instance of exigencies and tribunal orders with accent on documenting principle for action are borrowed from the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Informed consent. This country is better formulated when compared to all other ethical criterions. Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) raise the issue of â€Å" medical paternalism † where audience is considered as consent to intervention and the professional is expected to do determinations for the client. Blanket consent is rampant ( Agarwal, 2010 ) as most clients are sick informed about the nature of mental unwellness. The informed consent procedure so becomes built-in to chase awaying myths instead than as a defensive to legal liability in the US ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Though there are standard written informed consent processs that bring in consistence in pattern, there is no information on the utility of these paperss. Emphasis on leaving comprehensive information to the client and relations so they can do an â€Å" sceptered determination † is desirable ( Koocher and Keith-Spiegal, 2008 ) . The burden of finding the client ‘s competency to take portion in informed consent ever rests with the clinician ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The Mental Health Act of India ( 1987 ) permits the consent of relations for intervention and nonvoluntary hospitalization if the client is found incompetent ( Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . The Mental Health Act of ( 1987 ) lists the standards of nonvoluntary hospitalization as danger to self or others, benefit from hospitalization and incompetency of the patient ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . This is a clear case of the influence of jurisprudence in the mental wellness sphere ; the deductions being an addition in judicial engagement to the hurt of a ego regulating profession.2. Competent attentionThe act of bettering hurt is dependent on the professional ‘s capablenesss and therefore this standard warrants inclusion. The professional is expected to be good informed, monitor boundaries of competency and seek updated information from clip to cli p ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Competence includes attending to beneficence and non maleficence in behavior of human dealingss ( APA moralss codification, 2002 ) and personal competency. Harmonizing to beneficence and non maleficence, the professional is expected to move in the best involvement of the client by making no injury or minimising injury ( Fisher, 2003 ) . Harmonizing to Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) , a head-shrinker has the duty to make no injury to the patient emotionally, physically and sexually. Sexual activity with a client, client ‘s important others and former clients is unethical ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Agarwal ( 2010 ) further suggests avoiding a non curative relationship with the client wholly. The Indian criterions are conservative when compared to the APA ethical criterions of a two twelvemonth moratorium period before originating sexual contact. Future Indian ethical pattern demands to turn to countries of concern with clients and multiple function relationships in smaller communities as extensively addressed by the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) . Indian professionals will frequently meet restrictions in competency due to a deficiency of r elevant diverseness preparation. Compulsory rural and urban practicum preparation may assist fix the professional. Veereshwar ( 2002 ) mentions the historical and culture-specific â€Å" guru-shishya † paradigm in therapy that equates a clinical psychologist to a friend, philosopher and usher, whereby the â€Å" guru † gives penetration to the â€Å" shishya † . There is some disagreement between the paradigm of â€Å" guru shishya † and allowing liberty to the client, which is complicated by medical paternalism. Indian professionals have to do a conjunct attempt to bifurcate information from direct suggestions. Personal competency or self care whereby professionals are to place state of affairss in which their personal issues interfere with their work ( Fisher, 2003 ) may be limited due to the famine of mental wellness professionals. IACP recommends referrals as appropriate ( Isaac, 2009 ) .3. IntegrityHarmonizing to UDEPP ( 2010 ) , professionals participate in unfastened and honest communicating to keep public assurance and judiciousness in keep backing information to protect safety and confidentiality ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . The Indian moralss codifications have specifically focused on psychiatric diagnosings as a possible are of concern. Agarwal and Gupta ( 1999 ) strongly promote the usage of psychiatric diagnosing merely for clinical appraisal and intervention. This is in visible radiation of the abuse of diagnosing to hold undue power over the client ( Agarwal, 2010 ; Agarwal and Gupta, 1999 ) . This dimension is non listed in the APA moralss codification ( 2002 ) and UDEPP ( 2010 ) perchance due to the overdone stigma and ill informed multitudes in India. Agarwal ( 2010 ) high spots alone state of affairss whereby important others ‘ of patients have inquiries about client ‘s matrimony, the consequence of mental unwellness on work, household, and the communicability of the unwellness. He cautions against publishing certifications of saneness requested by household to assistance in work and matrimony procedures. Isaac ( 2009 ) recommends cautiousness and equal coaction in these issues. False promises or keep backing information to minimise the agony of the patient frequently dud ( Agarwal, 2010 ) . Integrity besides involves turning away of unwise or ill-defined committednesss ( Fisher, 2003 ) .4. Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to SocietyHarmonizing to UDEPP ( 2010 ) , this criterion provides the larger context for the pattern of clinical psychological science wherein a duty towards the society is ingrained ( Gauthier , Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) . This duty can be reflected in parts to research, continuing highest ethical pattern, and developing ethical consciousness ( Gauthier, Pettifor and Ferrero, 2010 ) , which makes for an accountable professional. The People with Disabilities Act ( 1995 ) efforts to supply equal instruction, employment and lodging chances for the mentally sick therefore incorporating mental wellness consumers into mainstream society. Meanwhile, sensitisation to ethical issues at educational institutes will lend to self monitoring persons. Isaac ( 2009 ) identifies the deficiency of answerability as the primary issue in India. This in bend is dependent on the being of an enforceable ethical codification for clinical psychologists which is obstructed by the deficiency of a incorporate government organic structure.DecisionThe suggested paradigm is limited by deficiency of specificity. However puting up a simplified, incorporate and enforceable papers is the first precedence . This is in bend dependant on the puting up of a centralised professional organisation. Meanwhile the suggested paradigm is developed to bring forth involvement and highlight the importance of ethical pattern as portion of quality attention. In the absence of clear, enforceable and applicable ethical rules, Agarwal ( 2010 ) suggests staying by the aureate regulation of â€Å" Do unto others † . Isaac ( 2009 ) recommends consciousness of one ‘s philosophical place to counter twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours ethical quandary irrespective of the ethical guidelines.