Tescos Customer Service Essay -- Tesco Customer Service Consumerism E

Tescos Customer ServiceCustomer service is the most important aspect of any business. Without an adequate relationship with its consumer base, a company is at an enormous disadvantage. Todays world competition is very strong in every kind of businesses. Every organisations must ply high tincture products or services in order to survive, however their competitors also providing the same or comparable products or services. An important way to an organisation to get an adjoin over its competitors is to provide extra service to satisfy and delight their customers, which can retain them and also gain new customers. Therefore the come uponment of customer triumph must be a major objective in all organisations.To achieve customer satisfaction, an organisation has to provide high musical note products and also provide a excellent customer service. When the service and product that the company provided is good, they can obtain customer loyalty. The customers will go again and again and would probably mark their friends. In return, the company can gain mass of customers. Moreover, by this mouth promotion, the reputation of the organisation can be enhanced. And this organisation will soon achieve an increase in market share and profit.Aims of investigationTesco is aim to provide the best possible value for their customers money. And they state that they are determined to offer quality products, good services, attractive stores and low prices to their customers.The investigation is to find out are they meeting these aims and how they meet these aims. Through the investigation I will compare their appeal with other supermarket, their store environment, their staffs skill, services and their products quality. This can help me to find out are they meeting their aims and what they are doing badly.I also will search for the emphasize of Tesco and found out all the useful information for this assignment. The investigation can help me provide evidence, true information and do the assignment easier.Structure go bad one of my assignment is the research of the customer service practices in tesco. I will talk about the customer types, the customers needs, the organisations aims and policy and my conclusion. In this part, I will put some of the information in table and bullet point. Therefore the points are more clearly.The bet on part of this ... ...pping with their baby.At the second floor of Tesco is a caf it is a very good idea that customers can stay in the supermarket for very long time with this caters service. Customers also can dribble a rest by sit down in the caf. And it has a free trolley storage at the entrance of the caf, so customers do not have to carry the trolley when they are eating or drinking.They also have a lift and stairs for customers which can pass through the premier(prenominal) and second floor. Moreover, Tesco have a male, female and disable toilet and that is convenience for customers and disables. 5. Payment faciliti esTesco provides many payment facilities to their customers. (E.g. credit card, debit card, cash, switch, solo, etc).Tesco have a lot of cashiers for their customers. Some of them are just for basket some of them are just for cash. They provide this service to make sure their customer will not restrain in addition long for their payment. Tesco also provide a delivery service, so that their customer do not have to take too much and too heavy goods to home.Behind the cashier, Tesco have a phone to call mini-cab for free. It is very convenience for their customers who want to call mini-cab.

Comparing Deception, Trickery, and Concealment in Much Ado about Nothin

Deception, Trickery, and Concealment in Much bunco game about Nothing and Macbeth William Shakespeares classic amative comedy, Much Ado about Nothing and tragic history, Macbeth revolve around the theme of deception, roguery, and concealment. There are portrayals within these two plays that depict deception and trickery as merely immaculate and even beneficial. In some cases the faces are thoroughly masked in their lies for ill or well, they are hiding who they unfeignedly are. In other cases, the person they attempt to hide is merely obscured, the masks being only a slight deterrent from their real personalities. Some quantify they are harmless diversions sometimes they are even beneficial tools to be utilized for ones friends. There are times when the masks have only been used to deceive the wearer, and other times when they serve no effective purpose at all, yet remain. The double personalities of the characters are revealed, or at least foreshadowed as rev elation-to-be, in the masque gibe of MAaN. The plays constant theme of deception and trickery are strong notes throughout the festivities, and are frequently used to unmask the hidden personalities beneath the exterior. Beatrice is depicted as a unique and unconventional member of society who is nonetheless thoroughly comfortable in that society. With her close family and friends, she appears to be a very social, friendly character and a witty conversationalist--yet her wit, ironically, is decidedly anti-social. She rejects the societal norms by scorning marriage, encouraging her cousin to become more disobedient, boasting of being too curst and positioning herself as a counter-cultural unconcerned with social customs. N... ...ll, Lily B. Shakespeares Tragic Heroes, Slaves of Passion. Gloucester Peter Smith Publisher Inc., 1973. Edwards, Terence. Twentieth Century Interpretations of Macbeth. New Jersey Prentice-Hall Inc., 1977. Lewalski, B. K. Love, Appearance an d Reality Much Ado About Something Studies in English Literature, 1500-1900 8 (1968) 235-251. Rossiter, A.P. Much Ado About Nothing. William Shakespeare Comedies & Romances. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Shakespeare, William Much Ado About Nothing Washington full-strength Press New York, NY New Folger Edition May 1995 Shakespeare, William. Tragedy of Macbeth . Ed. Barbara Mowat and Paul Warstine. New York Washington Press, 1992. Vaughn, Jack A. Shakespeares Comedies. New York Frederick Ungar Publishing Company, 1980

Anorexia Nervosa Essay -- essays research papers

Anorexia Nervosa     A lot of commonwealth including men not just women often dream about having the perfective body. Some may work hard for it and others may think they cannot achieve that dream. In our society, we seem to make body image appear to be near one of the most important things. Young girls less then thirteen years of age can start to see themselves as being " plop" even if they are thin. In fashion magazines for instance, you will hardly ever see pictures of overweight or slightly overweight people. They are filled with trail gets who are so skinny it looks as if they are sick with a disease or are cracked out on drugs. How can people think that looking that way is attractive? Its so disgustingly gross to see models interchangeable that when they look emaciated at times. They call themselves "models." Who would want to model themselves after someone who looked like that? Although, it is sad to say that some people actually go as far as starving themselves to look like what they think is perfect.      Anorexia nervosa is an illness that most commonly happens with teenage girls. At times even teenage boys and adults can struggle with anorexia. Anorexia causes people to be obsessed with aliment and being thin. Often at times, people with anorexia have emotional problems and use food and weight to try to deal with their problems with a sense of control. "Ninety percent of all anorexics are women" (The National Womens Health Information Center Pg. 1 of 4). thither is no exact cause of anorexia. For some, they savor that they are not halcyon and think that being thin                                                        Butler 2would make them a lot happier and su ccessful. Anorexia can sometimes come from problems in relationships or bad experiences from previous(predicate) childhood. People with anorexia are perfectionists. They need everything to be perfect in their lives and if not, then they blame themselves if their lives are not perfect.     Along with having anorexia, there are many problems caused b... ...ients. There are also support groups that anorexics go to so they can discuss their fears and help each other recover from their illness.      People with anorexia need full on support from their friends and family as well. Friends and family need to show love for the somebody with the illness. A lot of times, people with anorexia will beg and lie so they dont have to eat. They feel if they will give up the control they have from gaining weight. Friends and family need to be strong when dealing with a person who is suffering from anorexia. They cannot let the person express them into believ ing there is nothing wrong or let the person convince them that they dont need to eat for the time being. Family and friends need to be there for that person and shouldnt get angry at them. Being anorexic is an illness and needs professional help because it cannot be controlled by willpower.                                             Word count 917

Fate in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet :: William Shakespeare Romeo and Juliet

"Two households, both alike in dignity, / In fair Verona, where we lay our scene, / From ancient mark brakes to new mutiny, / Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. / From forth the fatal lions of these foes / A pair of star-crossed lovers take their life / Whose misadventured piteous overthrows / Doth with their death immerse their parents strife. / The fearful passage of their death-marked love, / And the continuance of their parents rage, / Which, but their childrens end, naught could remove" -The Prologue, Romeo and Juliet (by William Shakespeare).Fate plays a major routine in the tragedy of Romeo and Juliet. The prologue describes Romeos and Juliets fate, which we see come up many times later on in the play. Throughout the play, Romeo and Juliet unwittingly visualize they cannot exist in such reality and that a tragic fate awaits them. The two families, the Montagues and the Capulets continue being rivals all the way to the end of the play until the requisite event takes its place. In the play, there are many pieces of evidence that further present the prologues sad foretold reality. Even as early as the starting signal scene of the play, we already see some evidence to back up the prologue. "RomeoAnd makes himself and artificial night." (I, i, 38) This passage can be seen as the foreshadowing of Romeos suicide. some other line said by Montague, which is "Unless good council may the cause remove" (I, i, 140), also is evidence of Romeos tragedy. In the first act, Romeo is introduced. His great sadness is shown adept away and the theme of love is seen as well. Through Romeos mellow mood we see how desperate he is for love. Romeo is in love with Juliet, which is the daughter of an antagonist to the house of Montagues. Fate is definitely involved here, and this innocent love is the first step in a chain of events that lead to the fate driven tragedy. In the same scene, Tybalt is infuriated with Romeo. He is ready to kill him and believes that Romeo is his sworn enemy. Tybalt. This, by his voice, should be a MontagueFetch me my rapier, boy. What, dares the slaveCome hither, covered with an antic face,To fleer and condescension at our solemnity?Now, by the stock and honor of my kin,To strike him dead I hold not a sin.

Epic of Beowulf :: Essays Papers

BeowulfIn a world without hope, a brave individual has nothing to lose. In the larger-than-life Beowulf, some might perceive Beowulf as having traits such as being arrogant. Although he is raised in a infidel society, Beowulf concurs mevery tasks that an ordinary man could never do. He portrays man in general struggling against outward foes and inward doubts. Beowulf displays his characteristics courage and strength, fame, perserverence, and compassion which affords him the opportunity to be looked upon as an epic hero.With a lack of courage, not many can accomplish much. As Beowulf travels, his courage not only grows notwithstanding stands strong. In his excursion to Hrothgars kingdom, Beowulf is faced with many unbearable tasks many men wouldnt dare to go up against, but with Beowulf, he takes those tasks and runs with them. His fight with Grendal not only proves his courage but his strength as well. Beowulf, being a mortal man, takes Grendal by the hands and tears his h and from his body, leaving Grendal mortally wounded. When Grendals mother attempts avenge for her sons death, she is rudely awakened. after(prenominal) her kill of Ashchere, she resorts back to her lair in Hell, but not for long. Beowulf goes looking after her and swims through the deep, dark, and miserable waters to Hell. He finds Grendals mother there and kills her without any warning to her. His bravery saves his muckle back in his homeland as well. After gaining the throne, a terrible dragon starts to terrorize his home. Here he proves to his people that he is in fact a true hero. He, with the help of his dear kinsman, slays the dragon even after being wounded. His courage and strength truly proves him an epic hero.With an epic hero, one must know of his travels and battles. As is with Beowulf, he is known throughout the lands. His fame helped him tremendously in becoming this hero. His courageous fights and accomplishments led to his known defeats in battle with hug e and fierce monsters. After his death, his people promised him a tumulus to be built in his memory so he could be remembered. non only did his people hear his request, but they honored it as well. They built an enormous tumulus on top of a high cliff oer the waters where the boats would see and remember him by.

Epic of Beowulf :: Essays Papers

BeowulfIn a world without hope, a brave soul has nothing to lose. In the epic Beowulf, some might perceive Beowulf as having traits such as being arrogant. Although he is raised in a Pagan society, Beowulf concurs many tasks that an ordinary man could never do. He portrays man in general struggling against outward foes and inward doubts. Beowulf displays his characteristics courage and strength, fame, perserverence, and compassion which affords him the opportunity to be looked upon as an epic hero.With a lack of courage, not many nominate accomplish much. As Beowulf travels, his courage not only grows but stands strong. In his journey to Hrothgars kingdom, Beowulf is faced with many unbearable tasks many men wouldnt dare to go up against, but with Beowulf, he takes those tasks and runs with them. His fight with Grendal not only proves his courage but his strength as well. Beowulf, being a mortal man, takes Grendal by the pass on and tears his hand from his body, leaving Gren dal mortally wounded. When Grendals mother attempts avenge for her sons death, she is rudely awakened. After her kill of Ashchere, she resorts back to her lair in Hell, but not for long. Beowulf goes look after her and swims through the deep, dark, and miserable waters to Hell. He finds Grendals mother there and kills her without any warning to her. His bravery saves his people back in his homeland as well. After gaining the throne, a terrible dragon starts to terrorize his home. Here he proves to his people that he is in fact a true hero. He, with the help of his god-fearing kinsman, slays the dragon even after being wounded. His courage and strength truly proves him an epic hero.With an epic hero, one must know of his travels and battles. As is with Beowulf, he is know throughout the lands. His fame helped him tremendously in becoming this hero. His courageous fights and accomplishments led to his known defeats in battle with huge and fierce monsters. After his death, his people promised him a barrow to be create in his memory so he could be remembered. Not only did his people hear his request, but they honored it as well. They built an enormous tumulus on top of a high cliff over the waters where the boats would see and remember him by.

Bukowski Self-Exploration in Bluebird

Many times, the changes and transformations in the principal(prenominal) character are shown as being caused partly by the world around him, sometimes making the main character veritable(a) a victim of society. 1 Something causes the character to become morally prepared or emotionally wrecked and load off, usually due to something that has happened in his life. These protagonists watch the world around them and feel disconnected from it, and act out with taboo themes, like violence or incest or taking drugs or anything that sort of pushes the line because the world they live in has disturbed their minds in some way. 3 Finding life empty and without value, the main character does things to numb the pain, like drunkenness as well as hard, or having a lot of meaningless and casual sex, or anything else that both cuts off his emotions and as well trial him feel pleasure and distraction for a minute. This is called escapism, as in indulging in meaningless distractions to forget ab out the root problems in someones life. But the main character often actually has a conscience, or at least a deeper sentiency of egotism, and that part of him is in conflict with the way he is behaving outwardly, so this is where the pain and despair comes from and which we see in transgressing fiction, whether it is in novels or in poems. 3 The themes of transgressing fiction are all over Bouzoukis work. 1 His writings generally cover the second half of the twentieth entry, and he drew on Los Angles as a source of inspiration. Since he spent most of his life in Los Angles, he identified with the city darkness and grittiness. 6 A lot of the transgressing fiction qualities in Bouzoukis poems are in his escapism from reality. He writes about drinking and women and gambling, and he lived his life chasing women, drinking and gambling. 5 through with(predicate) this behavior, the characters escaped from their problems. And through writing about it in numbers, Bouzoukis expressed h is temptation to escape from his problems by briefly having those indulgences. 5 Bouzoukis grew up during the Great Depression.California was expensive, and his father was unemployed. So there was a lot of frustration and insecurity at home, and his father was physically, verbally and emotionally opprobrious to Bouzoukis m early(a). 2 His father was also emotionally and physically abusive towards Bouzoukis, something that his mother did not stop. 2 This make Bouzoukis an introverted, insecure, and socially anxious teenager. 2 He had no confidence because he was being traumatized at home and felt that he wasnt good enough compared to e actuallyone else at school. During this painful period of his youth, Bouzoukis started is lifelong habit of ebullient drinking. His drinking only got worse as life went on. 2 He started his writing career after World War II began and never made enough money off of his writing, so he had to do Jobs on the side all the time. Hard Jobs, like working in a factory. 5 He could not make a lot of money off of his poems because not enough people were buying his poetry. 5 He was failing to disturb in and make it big and found it hard to believe in himself and in the world.He became very cynical and depressed about what the publishers were looking for (they only cute to cater to a market) and did not believe that anyone had a fair chance. As if things werent bad enough, considering that he had no money, no close relationship with his family, and on top of that no success in getting his writing published, during this time Bouzoukis also almost died from a stomach ulcer. 5 He was desperate for smart set and someone to show him the love he never had growing up, and so married another poet without thinking it through first, and divorced her two years later. For a long time after that he was not able to seriously form an honest and healthy relationship, o he was unceasingly lonely and always having affairs with women to briefly fulfill hi s take ons. 5 He continued this behavior even after he began to enjoy some success in the sasss. 5 He only married again a decade later, and he last died of toilettecer. 5 All in all, Bouzoukis led a pretty troubled, voiceless and sometimes lonely life, and had a lot of issues going on with him that he expressed in his poetry. 4 Poetry was an outlet for his creative talent as well as his pain. Through poetry, he expressed his disillusionment with the world, his sense of loneliness and not being able to conform r be understood, and his need to escape from the feelings inside him, in a realistic way. 4 By realistic I mean he wants to show the truth without sugarcoating anything. In his poems, he shows his true self struggling to become free of the cage that his fake self traps it in. A good example how Bouzoukis expresses his inner self through realist, transgressing poetry is one of his last poems, published only about two years before he died bluebird. . 1 Bluebird is a great p oem because it is very sobering and a little depressing, but captures the main struggle that Bouzoukis seems to have aced for most of his life confronting his inner self, being brave enough to accept himself for who he is instead of escaping from it with alcohol, women, gambling, and other distractions. The fairy bluebird is his inner, true self that is trying to set itself free. He describes it as theres a bluebird in my heart that / wants to get out. 1 But the narrator (who is actually the poet describing himself) says he is going to keep the bluebird hidden, and hell hide it by distracting himself from it with alcohol and everything else. This is proven in the lines theres a bluebird in my heart that ants to get out but I purr whiskey on him and inhale cigarette smoke and the whores and the bartenders and the grocery clerks never know that hes in there. 1 He is burying the inner voice, the secret alternative personality or true personality within him, with alcohol, cigarettes, and women.He is afraid to let his true self show, because hes built everything in his life on lies and putting on a brave front that isnt who he really is. What is the bluebird then? Its all the perniciousness of his trauma the depression and failure and sadness but also the person he can be if he really accepts all those problems instead of track away from them. But he is afraid to accept that side of himself. Bouzoukis has built up all these fears and barriers after a lifetime of running away from his problems.Now Bouzoukis has too much to lose to try and face these fears and problems, because his career and his fame and his success depend on squashing his pain and depression, or in other words, the bluebird. To illustrate this problem, he asks l say, stay down, do you want to mess me up? You want to screw up the works? You want to blow my book sales in europium? 1 This verse clearly shows how much his fears and denials of his inner voice, the bluebird, is tied to his desire to save the life he has worked so hard to build without ever really acknowledging his past, his hurt, and who he truly is.Its worth noticing that he uses the word tough 1 to describe how strong he is against the bluebird. This means he views it as a threat, even though it is not. He is not in total and complete denial of his inner self, however. Just selectively in denial. He calls himself clever 1 and says l only let him out at night sometimes 1 of the bluebird. In the darkness and loneliness of the night, when nobody is there to see and he can be his true self in private.This fear of showing the real you to someone would likely have been an important concern for someone who realized that his poetry wasnt selling easily when he first started out, likely because publishing is after all a business and publishers want poems that are in keeping with the trends in style, language and themes that would appeal to their customers. We all have to remember that life is a business and you can t always afford to be your real self. That is why the narrator ells the bluebird that by letting it out, he might ruin his career. Why?Because the narrator in other words, Bouzoukis made a lot of money by partially figuring out what poetry editors wanted to read and selling it to them. This all leads to the fear of not expressing who you really are, and conforming to society. The narrator is being the person that other people subconsciously want him to be, and he knows that. His struggle is that he sees no value in this fake persona apart from societal acceptance. When he does eventually let the bluebird out, he does not ever truly accept it in public only in private. There is also a sense of loneliness. He is isolated from society because he thinks nobody would understand and accept the bluebird. And since the bluebird is his true inner self, he cannot share that with the world because it seems so distant and strange to them. He has nobody to talk about this with. The imagery i s really powerful because of the way the images are arranged one after another and also because the language of the poem is so direct, simple, and straightforward. 1 He Juxtaposes the image of the bluebird trying to break free with al the signs of vice around it -whiskey, cigarettes, etc. This helps the indorser subconsciously make an immediate comparison between the innocent, natural bluebird, which is clean and untouched, with all the things that can drown that clean, natural inner self, like alcohol. 1 Through the images, the simple language, and the discussion of his inner self versus the mask he puts on for the world, the narrator is an effective transplant of Bouzoukis himself, who had a lot of unresolved problems concerning his family. His self-exploration in Bluebird is a transgressing poem since it deals with his inner ormolu as he breaks out of a social norm the norm of pretending to be someone hoys are not.

The Future of Iptv and Ip-Video

ECE 6613 Broadband introduction Networks The Future of IPTV and IP- flick Ji Hwan Kim Georgia Institute of engineering 325050 Georgia Tech stock Atlanta, GA 30332 Abstract This paper describes the various IPTV computer architectures and comp atomic number 53nts, which enables large-scale integration of current and future IPTV engagement. IPTV technologies atomic number 18 transforming how we perceive TV run today and global characterisation industry as whole. However, in that location is pressing need for breakment on IPTV side to meet the Quality of capture that is equal to or better than traditionalistic TV function.In sassy years, we have seen tremendous growth in Information Technology industry with the emergence of smart phone. Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of melloweder information rate, reliable information transfer, and readily available re solutions with distri besidesed mist everywhere servers to meliorate quality o f table serve up to the customers. With growing offspring of smart phone accustomrs, IPTV divine service has become ever more popular in telecommunicating companies to set up streaming pictures through the various new infrastructures.The biggest competitors in IPTV service in the U. S. are Verizon FioS (FTTP) and AT&T U-verse (FTTN) providing triple-play bundle service to the customer. In this paper, we are going to discuss IPTV service architecture difference of Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, personal credit line Company, and Netflix as well as current IPTV research and development to increase quality of experience through multicast and infect computing. Also we volition analyze some of the emerging IPTV industry in the future. Key Words Internet Protocol Television (IPTV), Verizon FiOS, AT&T U-verse, MulticastIntroduction Todays IPTV services IPTV technologies are transforming how we perceive TV services today and global television industry as whole. It is a collection o f modern technologies in computing, networking, and storage feature to tolerate high quality television contents through IP network. It is becoming a programme which changing how we penetration information and entertainment. In new years, we have seen tremendous growth in video and networking technologies with the emergence of smart phone.Various new technologies are in its development to meet the demand of higher data rate, reliable data transfer, and readily available resources, distributed cloud servers, to meliorate quality of service to the customers. The opine below 1 is an example of IPTV broadband network inside a home. pic physique. 1. Diagram of IPTV Broadband Network Inside Home. With IPTV service, video contents are non only limited to the TV but fire utilize in duple platforms to enjoy video content anywhere, any condemnation, and anydevice.IPTV alter the way the customer consume video content want personal video rec aligns have through and lets customer h ave complete control of their entertainment experience to a next level. pic common fig tree. 2. U. S. Multi abruptly letter Video Subscriber Census Above is a figure of U. S. Multi pathway Video Subscriber Census by SNL Kagan 2. In 2011, the cable industry lost 1. 8 million video readers whereas IPTV providers gained 1. 6 million. This shows that IPTV industry is gaining market share on video content provider and it is expected to grow even more. air TV delivers entire line-up of aerate content heads totally the eon which requires huge total of bandwidth being delivered all the meter into the home and cable companies are moving toward IPTV delivery services to reduce bandwidth on their infrastructure. IPTV architecture is very different in that it only delivers the single channel that is betokened by the consumers individual TV. Therefore, IPTV architecture rear gravidly reduce bandwidth by only providing special call for from the consumer at any given time 4. pic Fig. 3.Expected Growth in IPTV subscribers. However, there is pressing need for improvement on IPTV side to meet the Quality of Experience that is equal to or better than traditional TV services. To provide great quality of experience in IPTV requires almost no packet loss, chink novelty of 200ms, and delivery of no more than one perceivable error during a two-hour movie. This constrains and requirements puts heavy burden on service provider to provide reliable and lossless IPTV to customers and requires video entre control. The paper is outlined as follows.In division II, we oer clear the different IPTV scheme and architecture exist today and how service providers are planning to improve their IPTV infrastructure. In part III we go out discuss the multicast protocol in depth and current research from Cisco to deliver IPTV service with multicast protocol. In Section V, we will discuss some of the potential future application that can be seen in near future with IPTV service. IP TV System and architecture IPTV networks generate their video contents for transmission using many another(prenominal) clustered components collectively called headends.There are three common types of IPTV headends to meet national, regional and local content distribution requirements. crack Headends (SHE) receives and digests content on the national level typically from satellites. After processing and encoding, the SHEs distribute the national content to video hub offices (VHO) over a core IP/MPLS network. VHOs aggregate national, regional, and local content with the on-demand services, and serve metropolitan areas with a population of between 100,000 to 500,000 homes.VHOs are connected to video switching offices (VSO) over metro accruement networks. VSOs distributed the IPTV streams to the customer premises over access network. The IPTV architecture is shown in Figure. 4. pic Fig. 4. End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The most conventional tape transport technique for IPTV is to multicast UDP/IP packets with MPEG-2 video compaction scheme. The newer standard video architectures use RTP protocol which can provide error repair and stream monitoring unlike UDP protocol.IPTV service have slower channel change time compare to CATV service provider since all the TV channels are broadcasted co-occurrently whereas IPTV needs to collect reliable channel from the provider. IPTV zapping time is affected by several factors such as Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) sign of the zodiac delay of leaving and joining multicast group, MPEG decoding delay, program item information (PSI) including program association table (PAT) and program map table (PMT) acquisition delay, random access point (RAP) delay, conditional access system (CAS) primal acquisition delay, and de-jittering buffer delay in the STB 4.More detail of video admission charge control in IPTV multicast protocol will be discussed in Section III. IPTV service over a packet-switched network demands near zero packet loss and limited jitter. Thus, it is often necessary to enforce art management and admission control in IPTV network by sufficient provisioning and resource allocation 4. More detail on resource allocation through retransmission server to improve IPTV will be discussed in Section III. Telco companies are embracing the IPTV engineering science since this will open up huge market share with air TV companies.Telco companies have been delivering packet-based IP craft over their xDSL technology for many years and utilizing their existing technology to move to IPTV is a natural choice for them. However, there are great roadblocks to deploy IPTV over DSL which primarily concerned with quality of experience that is equal or better than traditional CATV. Below is the figure of IPTV infrastructure for Telco companies 1. pic Fig. 5. Telco End-to-End IPTV Network Architecture. The primary difference in Telco companies architecture can be seen in red cloud shown in Fig. 5.Digital subscriber line access multiplexer (DSLAM) is located in environmentally controlled vaults or huts. It is alike called video ready access devices (VRAD), which is placed on lawns or easements or a common space in apartment building. DSLAM often serves 100 to 200 residential gateways (RGs) that are attached to the outside of a planetary house and various techniques are used to transport signal between DSLAM and RG. Very high-bit-rate DSL (VDSL) for fuzz and broadband passive optical network (BPON) and gigabit PON (GPON) for giber transport. This metro access segment uses a hub-and-spoke architecture 5.Cable companies have been utilizing Hybrid fiber coaxial (HFC), combine optical fibers and coaxial cables, network since early 1990s to provide broadband internet access over existing cable TV system and its been employed this protocol globally and Data Over Cable wait on Interface Specification (DOCSIS) is the international standard for developing equipment for HFC n etworks. Cable IPTV architecture is able to evolve from the traditional CATV with wide-eyed changes by adding few more components cable modem (CM), cable modem termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM).The cable companies architecture is shown in the figure below. pic Fig. 6. Cable Company Network Architecture. The CMTS and CM can provide a two-way IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. CMTS can provide media access control ( mack) and physical protocol class (PHY) in a single device by integrate with DOCSIS however, cable industry is moving toward a modular CMTS (M-CMTS). M-CMTS separates MAC and PHY beds to improve the scalability of DOCSIS transport.The CMTS manages DOCSIS QAM switching and provides QoS over the DOCSIS channel as well as manages residential CMs by dynamically load-balancing CMs among DOCSIS downstream channels to optimize traffic settle. PCMM policy server in DOCSIS networks defines admission control QoS policies by using session managers to quest and reserve bandwidth for CMTS to enforce these QoS policies. A. Verizon Fios In 2004, Verizon began deployment of its character reference to the Premises (FTTP) access network. The initial deployment used the ITU-T G. 983 BPON standard and in 2007, Verizon began using equipment with the ITU-T G. 84 G-PON standard. Fig. 6 below is Verizons BPON FTTP architecture diagram describing the connection between Optical Line last(a) (OLT) and Optical Network Terminal (ONT). OLT provides interface between Core network with voice, data, and video signals and Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) boosts the pic Fig. 6. Verizon BPON FTTP architecture optical video signal. ONT performs the optical to electrical signal transformation and provide the data, voice, and video service to the subscriber. Wavelength division multiplexer (WDM) combines the three wavelengths onto a single fiber for transmission to the premises. 310nm wavelength is used for upstream traffic and for downs tream, clv0nm (broadcast video) and 1490nm (data and voice) are being utilized. Fiber Distribution Hub (FDH) cabinet contains 132 passive optical splitters. Each subscriber is connected to a dedicated fiber between FHD and the premises. BPON delivers 622 Mbps downstream and 155 Mbps upstream per PON for voice and data through ATM. FiOS provide over 600 channels between 50 to 870 MHz RF signal transmitted over the 1550nm wavelength. pic Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS RF spectrumGPON physical architecture is same as BPON however it provides significant improvements over BPON in bandwidth. GPON can provide 2. 5 Gbps downstream and 1. 2 Gbps upstream for data and voice and in addition, GPON have different transport by implementing Ethernet based protocol to transfer data instead of ATM. The comparison of BPON and GPON is shown in Table 1 below. pic Verizon uses Multimedia over Coax Alliance (MoCA) technology to provide data communication inside the resident. MoCA is installed in the ONT, Broadba nd Home Router, and set-top boxes and permits two-way IP data transmission over coax.By using MoCA, Verizon can reduce installation cost by using existing coax cable instead providing Ethernet cables to connect devices in the resident. pic Fig. 7. Verizon FiOS MoCA Verizon is using two main FTTP deployment schemes, the FTTP Overlay architecture and the FTTP Full Build. The pic Fig. 8. FTTP Overlay and Full Build Deployment Choice between two deployment scenarios is dependent on the specific deployment area and the likely take rates. In the FullBuild architecture, the fiber is deployed to each house and each subscriber gets an ONT unneurotic.In Overlay architecture, fiber is available to pass all homes and argument in a distributed area but only a small percentage of homes and businesses are connected to and served with FTTP 7. B. AT&T U-Verse In 2006, AT&T launched its U-Verse IPTV service (project lightspeed), comprising a national head-end and regional video-serving offices. AT &T offered over 300 channels in 11 cities through FTTN technology. AT&T utilizes copper pair to connect VRAD to Residential Gateway (RG) using xDSL technology. With U-verse, it can provide 25Mbps to home approximately 25004000 feet away.By using MPEG-4 H. 264 compression technique, U-verse can provide 4 simultaneous TV stream (2HD and 2 SD TV), 2 VoIP and POTS service to the resident. Figure below is U-verse architecture. pic Fig. 9. U-verse FTTN Architecture The DSL technology at its beginning stages could only deliver 6 Mbps but now with ADSL2+ and VDSL, it can provide much higher bandwidth over a single copper pair. pic Fig. 10. xDSL technology. The various techniques are being implemented to improve the bandwidth and physical loop length capabilities of different DSL technologies.Bonding copper cable pairs can provide higher bandwidth by terminating 2 copper cable pairs together to act as 1 larger copper pair. ADSL2+ and VDSL is bonded together to provide higher bandwidth. VDSL can provide higher throughput than ADSL2+ however, it can only gage short loop length. There is newest xDSL technology standard VHDSL2, which approved in February 2006, can provide bandwidth of 200 Mbit/s but maximum distance of 300 meters. xDSL technology goal is to provide VDSL speed with longer loop length 4. The various different xDSL technology characteristics are shown in table below. TABLE 2. xDSL SELECTED CHARACTERISTICS. pic AT&T typically uses mix of xDSL technologies to deliver broadband service to subscribers. Mainly ADSL2+ from the central office and VDSL2 from the VRAD through FTTN fiber based technology. C) Cable TV to IPTV Transition Cable companies are the largest subscription television service provider in the world and can easily integrate IPTV services to their existing infrastructure. In cable TV infrastructure, there are two main categories of digital video services broadcast and on-demand Broadcast service defined as a service in which one copy of a program i s direct to all subscriber in a broadcast manner.Broadcast services include Digital broadcast- Encoded/compressed programs are sent to a subscribers STB, where they are decoded/uncompressed for playback on a TV. All programs are transmitted regardless of which programs are currently watched by the customer Switched digital video (SDV) SDV is similar to digital broadcast but only requested programs are sent to a subscriber group. This group typically consists of all the subscribers served by HFC node which can serve range o 125 to 2000 subscribers. SDV is first two-way communication with subscriber for program selection.The digital broadcast architecture begins with the polling the content in the headend from satellite and terrestrial sources. The acquired content is generally forward to a multifunction media processing device performing following three functions Statmux performs statistical time-devision multiplexing of real-time video content from various sources. Groomer adjust rates of content into a maximum bandwidth and limiting the rate of video burst Splicer move intos ads into programming breaks as take for a regional market. picFig. 11. CATV Architecture. The content is then forwarded across IP transport network to an IP-enabled quadrature amplitude modulator (QAM), where video content is encrypted and forward to STB for the customer. An out-of-band (OOB) channel provides the STB with basic tune up information, basic tuning information, decryption keys, software upgrade, and other communications. Switched Digital Video (SDV) was designed as a cost-effective method to expand bandwidth capacity in a way different than plant upgrades or better video compression method.Traditional digital broadcast sends all the channels into the HFC network but with SDV, programming terminates at the headend (VHO) or hub (VSO) and does not send channel unless its requested. When an SDV program is selected, tuning software in the pass receiver sends an ups tream message and SDV session manager receives the quest and maps the program to a frequency within the allocated pool. If the program is already being viewed within the same subscriber group, the task is as simple as reusing the existing session frequency information. On-Demand service is an interactive service where a requested video program is streamed to one subscriber.All on-demand content is encoded/compressed and stored on server to be received by individual subscribers request. On-demand services include following Video on demand- Content is stored on a server and subscriber views a list of titles and requests to view a specific title. The VOD system authorizes and streams the requested content to the requested user. Network-based personal video record (nPVR) this service is like home PVR except the content is on the service provider network. A subscriber uses the STB to record specific content to record and watches content at a user-chosen time which is same manner as VO D. pic Fig. 12. Integrated Cable Video Service Architecture Cable IPTV architecture needs three fresh added components to enable IPTV to their customers Cable modem (CM), Cable Modem Termination system (CMTS), and a PacketCable Multimedia (PCMM). pic Fig. 13. Cable IPTV Architecture The CMTS and CM provide a two-way IP over DOCSIS transport in the HFC network. Cable Companies are moving toward M-CMTS technology, which can separate, MAC and PHY layer to improve scalability of DOCSIS transport unlike traditional CMTS where both MAC and PHY layer in a single device.In order to utilize IPTV in Cable company network, IP STBs or other IPTV capable devices must be able to receive video over IP transport and remove network delay variation. Major Cable companies are finding hybrid STBs as attractive solution for IPTV. The Hybrid STB with an embedded cable modem can receive video from either IP path or traditional QAM/RF transport path, which is good strategy to migrate from traditional cabl e architecture to IPTV. Admission control in Cable IPTV can be applied to both the IP network from the video source to the CMTS, and the HFC network between the QAM and the CM through PCMM policy server.Policy server in DOCSIS networks defines QoS policies for CMTS to enforce them. Admission control signaling can be categorized as off-path and on-path. Off-path is when the control path is different from the data path and on-path signaling traverses the data path for bandwidth requests that use the commonly selected imaginativeness Reservation Protocol (RSVP). In order to provide better IPTV services to the customers, Cable industry must improve bandwidth efficiency in the last mile. The biggest recent innovation to optimize available bandwidth is SDV but additional solutions are becoming more important as cable company transition to IPTV service.QAM sharing holds great promise of improving bandwidth efficiency without the need of major change in their current infrastructure. Howeve r, there are several factors contribute to the bandwidth efficiency of QAM sharing nevertheless if SDV and VOD have the same peak hours, a viewer is likely to receive only one service at a time. The gain of QAM sharing comes from the statistical advantage of a bigger QAM pool, shared by two or more services. Differing peak hours of DOCSIS and video service contribute additional gains.For instance, the spectrum allocated for DOCSIS commercial services during the day may by reallocated for video services in the evening. Dynamic QAM sharing is being realized through new technologies and standards for the following reasons The DOCSIS M-CMTS architecture, which separates the DOCSIS MAC and PHY protocol layers. This allows the PHY layer (specifically the QAMs) to be dynamically allocated and de-allocated. The recent emergence of universal QAMs, which can function as either MPEG video QAMs or DOCSIS QAMs. Standardization in parade QAM resource management. pic Fig. 14. Dynamic QAM S haring with M-CMTS Architecture ERMI specifies several interfaces to an edge resource manager (ERM). The ERM is a plat- form that manages and leases QAM channel bandwidth for all applications ERMI-1 is an interface for edge devices to record QAM channels to the ERM and notify the ERM of any QAM failures or state changes. ERMI-2 is an interface for the ERM to bind the QAM resources from an edge device to the resource allocation request. ERMI-3 is an interface for the M-CMTS core to allocate QAM-channel andwidth from the ERM. variable star bit rate (VBR) video provides considerable bit saving compared to constant bit rate (CBR) video. WITH VBR statistical multiplexing, Cable Company can save as much as 30 percent of bandwidth by just varying the output data per time segment. Recently, DOCSIS 3. 0 was release to compete with Telco companies FTTx deployment and it is redefined the communication between cable modem (CM) located at subscriber premises and cable modem termination syste m (CMTS) at cable service providers network headend. DOCSIS 3. are design to allow channel bonding to boost up network throughput and number of bonded channel is usually 4 or 8. With DOCSIS 3. 0 standard, it can provide 300 Mbps download and 100 Mbps upload 8. TABLE 3. DOCSIS 3. 0 Standards and Characteristics pic D) Netflix OTT IPTV System and Architecture Netflix is the leading provider of OTT on-demand internet video streaming in the US and Canada with more than 23 million subscribers. Netflix can stream out HD quality video with average bitrate of 3. 6 Mbps and it is single largest source of Internet traffic in the US by consuming 29. % of peak download traffic. pic Fig. 15. Netflix Architecture Designing large-scale network infrastructure to support fast growing video streaming platform with high availability and scalability is technically challenging. The Majority Netflix infrastructure used to be hosted in its own datacenter but recently resorted to the use of cloud services, Content Distribution Networks (CDNs), and other public computing services. Amazon AWS cloud is being utilized by replacing its in house IT infrastructure on with SimpleDB, S3 and Cassandra for file storage.Video streaming is distributed out of multiple content distributed networks (CDNs), UltraDNS, and a public DNS service is used as its authoritative DNS servers. Microsoft Silverlight is employed as the video playback platform for Netflix ground users and Netflix manages to build its IPTV with little infrastructure of its own. Netflix data centers Netflix uses its own IP address space for the host name www. netflix. com. This server primarily handles registration of new user accounts and captures payment information and redirect users to movies. etflix. com or signup. netflix. com. This server does not interact with the node when handling movie request and playback. Amazon Cloud service Most of the Netflix servers are served from various Amazon cloud services and key functi ons are content ingestion, log recording/analysis, DRM, CDN routing, user sign-in, and mobile device support Content Distribution Networks (CDNs) Netflix utilize multiple CDNs to deliver the video content to the subscriber. The encoded and DRM protected videos are stored in Amazon cloud and copied to CDNs.The three main CDNS are Akamai, LimeLight, and Level-3. These three servers provide same quality level content to all the subscribers. Player Netflix employ Silver light to download, decode and play Netflix movies on desktop web browser. There are different players for mobile phones and other devices such as Wii, PS3, Xbox, Roku, etc. Netflix utilize Dynamic Streaming over HTTP (DASH) protocol for streaming. In DASH, each video is encoded at several different quality levels and is divided into small chunks. The client requests one video chunk at a time via HTTP.With each download, it measures the received bandwidth and runs a rate determination algorithm to determine the qualit y of the next chunk request. It allows the player to freely switch between different quality levels depending on the bandwidth of subscriber. TABLE 4. KEY NETFLIX HOSTNAME pic Netflix Client player have many functions to improve its performance and quality of experience (QOE). Netflix video streaming is controlled by instruction in a manifest file, which Silverlight client down load up. This metafile provides the DASH player metadata to conduct the adaptive video streaming capability.It is client-specific and generated according to each clients playback and bandwidth capability. It is in XML format and contains several key pieces of information including list of the CDNs, location of trickplay data, video/audio chunk URLs for multiple quality level, and timing parameters such as time-out interval, polling interval and other data to provide QoE to users. Manifest files ranks CDNs to indicate which CDNS are preferred for content delivery. Trickplay is achieved by downloading a set of thumbnail images for periodic ginger snap during network congestion 15. IPTV multicasting protocolIn early IP networks, a packet could be sent either in unicast (single device) or broadcast (all devices). With multicast, single transmission for a group of devices is possible. Multicast transmissions enable efficient communication between groups of devices by allowing Data to be transmitted to a single multicast IP address and received by the group of interest. Multicast over IPTV network presents many challenges related to reservation of resource and maintaining quality of experience (QoE). Backbone can be built based on IP/MPLS and the routers can be enabled for multicast using IGMP protocols.Before going into detail of multicast protocol in IPTV, we will discuss multicast protocol in detail and how it can serve well IPTV through multicast mechanism. TABLE 5. IGMPV2 AND IGMPV3 MAJOR DIFFERENCE pic The IGMP was defined to allow a host computer to select a stream from a group of mu lticast streams a user request. Following is the basic functions IGMP protocol Join an IGMP host indicates that it wants to receive information from a multicast group to become a member. Leave An IGMP host indicates that it no longer wishes to receive information from a multicast group. Query An IGMP router can ask the hosts which groups they are member of. This is done to verify a JOIN/LEAVE request or to look for error conditions. Queries maybe be o Specific Query Asks whether the host is a member of a specific multicast group o General Query Asks the host to indicate all groups that it belongs to Membership Report an IGMP host tells the IGMP host what group it belongs to. This report can be either o Solicit Membership Report Sent in response to a QUERY o Unsolicited Membership Report initiated by the client.In the IPTV network, each broadcast TV channel is an IP multicast group. The subscriber changes the channel by leaving one group and joining a different group. IGMPv1 is no t suitable for IPTV because it does not include an explicit Leave capability. The client will continue to receive all requested stream until the multicast router issues next query. The standard for IGMPv2 and IGMPv3 major difference is shown in Table 5. IGMPv2 supports Any Source Multicast (ASM) networks and which allows host to specify which multicast group it wishes to join.Most deployed IPTV clients supports IGMPv2. The Major enhancement in IGMPv3 is that it allows Support Specific Multicast (SSM). Host can specify the source address it wants to listen to. Heres basic IGMP summons involving two devices IGMP host (client or STB) issues messages to join or leave a multicast group. The client also responds to queries from the multicast router. IGMP router responds to the join and leave messages to determine if multicast groups should be forward out an interface. Periodic queries are used to discover from error conditions and verify requests.The IGMP router receives multicast gr oups either through the use of a multicast protocol such as PIM or static flooding. It is the termination point for IGMP messages and does not send any IGMP information to its upstream neighbors. pic Fig. 16. DSL Access Network IPTV Service In xDSL IPTV architecture, the subscriber initiates channel change requests and responds to status inquiries. The Routing Gateway (RG) at the subscribers site and DSLAM aggregate traffic from multiple subscribers in order to act on request from the STB.However, IGMP networks were not originally designed to have networking equipment between IGMP client and the IGMP routers. This creates some challenges to the multicast implementation Excessive multicast traffic When delivering high bandwidth IPTV over broadband network, it is important to ensure that IPTV channels are forward only to those subscriber currently viewing them since bandwidth is scarce. If the intermediate devices are insensible of IGMP flows then all multicast traffic is broadcast out all ports Excessive IGMP traffic Extra bandwidth is consumed as IGMP flows are broadcast to across the network.A single STB IGMP request can result in responses from thousands of IGMP peer clients. Excessive time to Leave a group With small spare bandwidth in broadband networks, Leave request often must be processed before additional join request can be served. To mitigate above challenges, several techniques are proposed and demonstrable in intermediary devices Local Replication, Proxy routing, Proxy Reporting, and Immediate Leave. Local replication, IGMP snooping from DSLAM, allows DSLAM to inspect incoming IGMP Join and Leave request and take appropriate action.If the channel being requested to view is already being received at the DSLAM, it will replicate the stream and forward to the subscriber. The DSLAM builds a table to track which channel are being forwarded to each port. pic Fig. 17. DSLAM with IGMP Snooping Proxy routing works by allowing intermediate device (DSLAM ) takes active role of terminating all IGMP flows. This makes DSLAM to act as IGMP host and responds to all incoming requests. DSLAM will recreate the IGMP request and use its own IP address as source.The major benefit of proxy routing is scaling since router is not conscious of individual subscribers. pic Fig. 18. IGMP Proxy Routing Proxy Reporting reduces the number of IGMP packets flowing across the network by selectively dropping IGMP packets that are not need to be forwarded. The Proxy Reporting can be subdivided to two categories Query Suppression and Report Suppression. Query Suppression reduces traffic between the DSLAM and the subscriber premises by having the DSLAM intercept and respond to IGMP queries sent by the router.DSLAM will never send a specific query to any clients and forward general queries only to those client receiving at least one multicast group. pic Fig. 19. Query Suppression. Report Suppression reduces traffic from DSLAM to the router by having DSLAM aggr egate the response. The DSLAM can intercept IGMP reports coming from STB and forwards a summarized rendition to the IGMP router only when it is necessary. There are two categories of reports. Unsolicited membership reports are forward when first subscriber joins a multicast group or last subscriber leaves a multicast group.This tells router to begin or stop sending channel to this DSLAM. Solicited membership reports are forward once per multicast group. The DSLAM will aggregate multiple responses together into a single membership report to save bandwidth. pic Fig. 20. Report Suppression Immediate leave alleviate IPTV challenge to change channel rapidly. The standard IGMP Leave operation for channel change is as follow The STB sends a request to leave one multicast group Router responds by issuing Membership Query to confirm the request. The STB responds with a Membership Report which does not include the multicast group By implementing immediate leave, STB can leave the multicast group by just simply sending a request to leave one multicast group 16. pic Fig. 21. Standard IGMP Leave and Immediate Leave. The emerging IPTV deployments utilize Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) in order to deliver media content. Unlike UDP, RTP protocol can provide sequence numbers to maintain packet ordering and detect losses, and timing information to determine network delay and synchronize timing between senders and receivers.RTP control protocol maintains session state between senders and receivers and report sender and receiver statistics bi-directionally 17. The rapid acquisition is illustrated in the Fig 22 flow diagram below. pic Fig. 22. Rapid Acquisition Flow Diagram 1) The RTP receiver sends a Multicast Leave message to its upstream multicast router to leave the current multicast session and end the currently viewed channel. 2) The RTP receiver sends a feedback message to the feedback target asking for rapid acquisition for the session it wants to join. In this feed back message, the RTP receiver can specify its specific requirements. ) The retransmission server receives the feedback message and decides whether or not to accept the request. If the retransmission server accepts the request, it sends a message to the RTP receiver that describes the burst that the retransmission server will generate and send, including the indication when the RTP receiver should join the new multicast session. The unicast burst stream consists of retransmission of a specific block of packets which will allow the RTP receiver to begin displaying video without waiting for a certain random access point to arrive in the multicast flow.If the retransmission server denies the request, it informs the RTP receiver immediately. 4) If the retransmission server accepts the request, it transmits the unicast burst data and any additional message(s) needed to carry the key information about the new channel. The key information is used to prime the decoder inside the IPTV STB so that it can start decoding sooner. The unicast burst continues at a higher than natural rate until the unicast burst catches up with the real-time multicast flow. The sustainable burst rate depends on the access network link characteristics. ) At the appropriate moment (as indicated or computed from the burst parameters), the RTP receiver joins the new multicast session by sending a Multicast Join message to its upstream multicast router. 6) The RTP receiver starts receiving the multicast flow and completes the rapid acquisition. The STB will not join multicast session immediately with rapid acquisition since there would not be enough available left over on the access link. By utilizing unicast burst sent from the retransmission server o catch up with the multicast flow in a reasonable amount of time before joining to multicast group allows faster channel switching capability rather than joining multicast group immediately 18. Cloud Computing service in IPTV IPTV videos can be deli vered to subscribers through various different network structures. For many years, Proxy servers have been utilized to decrease network traffic and delays through high speed and robust connection. Telco companies are looking for ways to keep service calls rejections to minimum through cloud service for on-demand IPTV service. Figure below shows on-demand IPTV service for cloud architecture. pic Fig. 23. On-demand IPTV cloud services Video can be streamed from any of the virtual servers by load balancing among server and handle peak loads by avoid overload to achieve continuous, high utilization levels of servers. Virtual servers can provide low cost computing resources. The Virtual server acts like a dedicated server but it co-reside on a single physical machines acting as multiple physical dedicated server. However, if too many virtual servers reside on the single physical machine, services may face problem due to scarce computing resource per virtual server.Virtual storage through cloud computing allow easy share of resources among themselves. Physical storage is virtualized into virtual disk, which allows storage consolidation across heterogeneous vendors and protocols, enabled by dynamically growing and shrinking of storage through live migration, in the enterprise storage area network to be used by applications 22. F uture application of IPTV The key to differentiating IPTV from traditional TV service of VOD and Network-based personal video record (nPVR) is the real-time interactive application and social TV.With FTTx or Gigabit Ethernet providing more bandwidth in broadband network allows new killer application to maximize the value of the IPTV service. A) SayUTV SayUTV service allows users participation into TV sports, discussion, variety show, and so on. SayUTV allow mixing their video and sources into providers content to allow maximum interactive and customize IPTV content. The subscriber can click participation button on SayUTV GUI. After service pr ovider or host of the content allows his/her participation, the subscribers audio and video content is mixed into programs content.All the viewer of the content can view the participants image and voice. pic Fig. 26. SayUTV Service System Architecture SayUTV service divides the role of users into three major roles Controller who creates a service session and has a control over that session. Participants who joins the session and contributes his/her own multimedia content. Simple Viewer who enjoys this service in a passive way pic Fig. 27. SayUTV Implementation. SayUTV is an advanced IPTV service, which combined with bidirectional multimedia communication technologies allowing interactive user-participation 20.B) IPTV Interactive Online Shopping In order for IPTV service provider to maximize the profit from IPTV service require smart ad insertion based on customers preference. TV series and sports media are well known for effective convergence advertisement aid. Apparels worn by a main actress of TV series or MVP sports athletes have greater potential for larger sales than conventional display by online shopping website. In order to provide customers shopping craving while watching TV series or sports event is to add additional information to the fruit description field such as TV series name, and character or athletes name.This will allow customers place some tags on that position product through watching particular TV series or service provider can collect customers preference based on content and insert smart ad targeting each subscriber. pic Fig. 28. Shopperama Service Screen in Korea Shopperama is OTT provider in Korea providing series, which have broadcasted through a TV station, online along with smart ad insertion. The apparels worn by main actors and products inside the episode are displayed in a synchronized manner with video content as shown in Fig 25.This allows customer to shop for products very easily while watching TV series and reduce c ustomers burden of trying to find particular product 21. To improve interactive online shopping with IPTV service still needs many enhancements to fully flourish in E-business model. Behavior targeting content to users is estimate to be 20 billion dollar industry and in order for IPTV interactive online shopping to gain market share requires smart integration of cross layer platforms. C) Final Remarks With IPTV service deployment, Cable Company is afraid of cord-cutting case.The IPTV service is gaining popularity amongst consumer and there are many opportunities for new killer application to integrate with IPTV service. In this paper, we set forth current IPTV architecture in the market and presented recent efforts to improve IPTV technology. Emerging IPTV mobile systems are also gaining a lot of attention and consumer trends demonstrate that IPTV will continue to be in demand. Acknowledgment I would like to thank Prof. G K Chang for giving me an opportunity to work on this topic a nd run across more about multicast protocol to provide IPTV service.I was able to learn more about IPTV architecture and current trend in network research in video streaming protocol. References 1 IPTV and the Future of Video Services online Available http//www. employees. org/acbegen/files/IPTV_Tutorial_CCNC_2010_abegen. pdf 2 U. S. Multichannel Subscriber Update and Geographic Analysis, white paper, SNL Kagan, Dec. 2012. 3 Ali C. Begen, Error control for IPTV over xDSL networks, in Proc. IEEE Consumer communication theory and Networking Conf. (CCNC), Special Session on IPTV Technologies and Applications, Las Vegas, NV, Jan. 008 4 A. Yarali and A. Cherry, Internet Protocol Television (IPTV). In TELCON 2005 2005 IEEE Region 10, 2005, pp. 1-6. 5 Doverspike, R. Guangzhi Li Oikonomou, K. N. Ramakrishnan, K. K. Sinha, R. K. Dongmei Wang Chase, C. , Designing a Reliable IPTV Network, Internet Computing, IEEE , vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 15-22, May-June 2009 6 Finn, J. , PON Technology in the Verizon Network, Global Telecommunications Conference, 2008. IEEE GLOBECOM 2008. IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1-5, Nov. 30 2008-Dec. 4 2008 doi 10. 1109/GLOCOM. 008. ECP. 1076 7 M. Abrams, P. C. Becker, Y. Fujimoto, V. OByrne, and D. Piehler,FTTP deployments in the United States and JapanEquipment choices and service provider imperatives, J. Lightw. Technol. , vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 236246, Jan. 2005. 8 CableLabs, Modular CMTS Interfaces, http//www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. hypertext markup language 9 CableLabs, Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification, http//cablemodem. com/ 10 CableLabs PacketCable, PacketCable Multimedia Specification,2005. 11 CableLabs, Modular CMTS Interfaces, ttp//www. cablemodem. com/specifications/m-cmts. html 12 CableLabs, DOCSIS 3. 0 Interface Specification, 2007. 13 CableLabs, DOCSIS M-CMTS Downstream External PHYInterface Specification, 2007. 14 Vasudevan, S. V. Xiaomei Liu Kollmansberger, K. , IPTV Systems, Standards and Architectu res Part II IPTV Architectures for Cable Systems An Evolutionary Approach, Communications Magazine, IEEE , vol. 46, no. 5, pp. 102-109, May 2008 15 Adhikari, V. K. Yang Guo Fang Hao Varvello, M. Hilt, V. Steiner, M. Zhi-Li Zhang , Unreeling netflix Understanding and improving multi-CDN movie delivery, INFOCOM, 2012 Proceedings IEEE , vol. , no. , pp. 1620-1628, 25-30 March 2012 16 Introduction to IGMP for IPTV Networks, White Paper, Juniper Network. , 2007 17 RFC 3550, RTP A transport protocol for real-time applications. Online. Available http//www. ietf. org/rfc/rfc3550. tx 18 Mignon, M. Bouckhout, K. Gahm, J. Begen, A. C. , Scaling server-based channel-change acceleration to millions of IPTV subscribers, Packet Video Workshop (PV), 2012 19th internationalist , vol. no. , pp. 107-112, 10-11 May 2012 doi 10. 1109/PV. 2012. 6229721 19 Phooi Yee Lau Sungkwon Park Joonhee Yoon Joohan downwind , Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service An IPTV case, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010 20 Park, I. K. Seung Hun Oh Sim Kwon Yoon Ho Young Song , An implementation of user-participated interactive IPTV service system, Consumer Electronics, 2008. ISCE 2008. IEEE International Symposium on , vol. no. , pp. 1-3, 14-16 April 2008 21 Jonghoon Chun , Interacitve Online Shopping Innovation, Computers, Networks, Systems and Industrial Engineering (CNSI), 2011 First ACIS/JNU International Conference on , vol. , no. , pp. 104, 23-25 May 2011 22 Phooi Yee Lau Sungkwon Park Joonhee Yoon Joohan Lee , Pay-as-you-use on-demand cloud service An IPTV case, Electronics and Information Engineering (ICEIE), 2010 International Conference On , vol. 1, no. , pp. V1-272-V1-276, 1-3 Aug. 2010

William Pickton Anthropology

After reading the article in assignment one, complete the following questions. 1. Analyse the doings of William Pickton use the three different social science perspectives. Choose one theory from psychology, sociology, and anthropology. Using each perspective, write a one page analysis of the behaviour of William Pickton. Write a perspective for each social theory (three pages in total). 2. Write a hypothesis to research a serial executeer utilise the following social science theories Psychoanalysis, Functionalism, and Feminism.For example, a Marxist could look at the economic inequalities as a means of promoting a mental picture of helplessness. This helpless feeling could promote feelings of anger against anyone who possesses any means of production, and has control of his/her life. Lashing out against a community that is capable of supporting itself is a means of gaining power. Millers job is in the service industry and does non involve the direct production of goods. Not c ontrolling the means of production obligates him to sell his skill. 3. INDEPTH PICKTON The missing women of VancouverCBC News Online Updated Aug. 10, 2006 4. After investigators spend 18 months excavating his sort Coquitlam farm, Robert William Pickton attendd 15 murder charges in Vancouvers missing women fiber in 2002. In May 2005, Crown attorneys added 12 more prototypal-degree murder charges against Pickton, bringing the grim total to 27. One of those charges was eventually dropped in March 2006, after a judge ruled Pickton could not be tried for killing an unidentified victim. In July 2003, B. C. provincial court judge David Stone ruled there was enough evidence to take Pickton to trial.This came after an extensive six-month-long prior hearing. nevertheless in June 2004, lawyers working on the case said Picktons trial wont start until spring 2005 at the earliest. In December 2004, Picktons defence team asked for an different insure to give them time to examine DNA ev idence. The trial date was further delayed when prosecutors added the 12 excess charges in May 2005. Picktons trial didnt start until new-fangled January 2006. The voir dire phase of the trial, in which lawyers argue over what evidence will be admissible, is expected to last several months on its own.Reporters are not allowed to discover material presented during voir dire because it may be ruled inadmissible. However, Crown prosecutors and Picktons lawyers agreed they can start putting evidence to a jury in January 2007. control board selection is scheduled for December 2006. Its expected 3,500 people will be called for jury duty, up substantially from an average of about 500 in other murder cases. And to lessen the burden on the jurors, a B. C. judge ruled that Picktons trial will be divided into two parts. He will first be tried on six counts of murder.Justice James Williams said prosecutors can still seek a separate trial for the remaining 20 victims. He said severing the cou nts maximizes the chances that the case will proceed properly without a mistrial. And, he added, the evidence in these six cases the alleged murders of Sereena Abotsway, Mona Wilson, Andrea Joesbury, Brenda Wolfe, Georgina Papin and Marnie Frey ? was materially different than the others. The case against Robert Pickton Rebecca Guno, a drug addict and prostitute, vanished from Vancouvers downtown eastside in June 1983.Her name was the first of 61 that would eventually be placed on the list of women to vaporize mysteriously from the drug-infested area over the two decades that followed. It wasnt until 19 years later, early in 2002, that charges were laid in any of the cases. The charges came not long after law of nature focused their efforts on a farm in Port Coquitlam, outside Vancouver. Dozens of officers scoured the farm in search of evidence. Within months, the owner of that farm, 53-year-old Robert William Pickton, would face seven murder charges.In July 2002, police made a pl ea for the publics help in locating nine more missing women, and said that if they cannot be found, their call will be added to the list of 54 other women who are missing. In September 2002, Pickton was charged with four more murders. One month later, four additional charges were added, bringing the total to 15. On January 9, 2003, days before Picktons pretrial hearings began, traces of another missing wo small-arm were found on the pig farm. Police told the womans mother that they did not want to lay any more charges until the pretrial started, fearing it would delay the case.Picktons preliminary hearing, which began January 13, 2003, was winding down on July 20 when police expanded their investigation to accommodate a roadside marsh in Mission, B. C. RCMP said the new search, to involve 52 anthropologists and two soil sifters, was prompted by findings made by searchers at the Port Coquitlam farm. A publication ban was placed on the pre-trial hearing to ensure information was not broadcast to potential jurors before the case is brought to trial. Nonetheless, evidence from the preliminary hearing was reported in newspapers, broadcasts and Web sites in the U.S something Picktons lawyer was afraid of. Our concern all along is that we cannot control that, said Peter Ritchie. And so were going away to extradite to follow that to see what has been published. The Pickton case is now the largest serial killer investigation in Canadian history (Clifford Olson pleaded guilty in 1982 to killing 11 children in B. C. ). Families of the missing women have accused Vancouver police of mishandling the investigation from the beginning by ignoring evidence that a serial killer was at work.The RCMP became involved in 2001. The families also say police neglected the cases because many of the women were prostitutes and drug addicts. It wasnt until August of 2001 that Vancouver police began hinting that a serial killer could be responsible for the disappearance of the missing women. At the time 31 women had vanished, but four had been accounted for and two of those were confirmed dead. Dr. Elliott Leyton, an anthropology professor at Memorial University in St.Johns, Newfoundland, who wrote a book on serial killers called Hunting Humans, says that police are rightly reluctant to identify serial murders because public panic often follows. Responsible people have to be wide-awake about making wild pronouncements about possible serial killers, Leyton says. And when we are not sure if it is true, then it is inappropriate to throw people into a affirm of panic. Prostitution is a very dangerous profession and many of the people in it are wanderers and not well-connected to any conventional system of presidential term controls or social services.So they can drift away from the system without being noticed for a very long time, even when nothing may have actually happened to them. 5. Leyton argues that it may be irresponsible to assume that a serial killer ma y be at work in Vancouver. The RCMP task force has repeatedly said that it cannot speak about the ongoing investigation and only concedes that a serial killer may be involved. But Leyton admits that when you have a minute of people missing from a particular social type you have to ask questions.The first indication that there was a significant number of prostitutes missing as far back as 1978 came to public attention in July of 1999, when the Vancouver Police and the Provinces Attorney General published a poster crack a reward of $100,000 for information leading to the arrest and conviction of the person or people involved in the disappearances. Even the popular U. S. TV weapons platform Americas Most Wanted aired a segment on the missing prostitutes, but few leads surfaced. In the spring of 1999, two Vancouver detectives teamed up with two RCMP detectives to examine the file pertaining to the 31 missing women.In August of that year police began investigating an account by a wom an, not a prostitute, who said that a man snatched her from the stairwell of a hotel in Vancouvers downtown eastside. The woman jumped from her captors moving vehicle to escape. 6. Accusations that police havent done enough reached a fever pitch when former detective and geographical profiler Kim Rossmo claimed he told police that a serial killer was at work in the Vancouver area and was ignored. Rossmo said that disappearances from the neighborhood were normal, but that the number of incidents was abnormally high up between 1995 and 1998.Rossmo, who sued the Vancouver department for wrongful dismissal when they failed to renew his contract, claimed that a single predator was responsible for killing prostitutes in downtown Vancouver. The Vancouver department dismissed his claims as sour grapes. Leyton says that the difficulty in assembling a case is that these kinds of killers typically prey on strangers, so it becomes much more difficult for police to subscribe the connections r equired to confirm the presence of a serial killer. 7. Article reprinted with permission from the CBC.

The Universal Effects of Animal Cruelty

Did you have that fleshlys argon not the only ones affected by zoology unmercifulness? In fact, both tools and populace alike receive trauma and throe as a result of these atrocities. Many of these perpetrators involved in these equipment casualtyful acts of ab function tend to not know the effects of their crimes and almost never have a good reason for doing so. Studies show that there be dickens types of animal stiffness passive voice and active. passive voice cruelty is not indirect abuse, further it involves neglect of caring for animals, whereas active cruelty is meant to purposely harm the animals and it is often associated with sociopaths.Animal cruelty is evident each(prenominal) around the world and includes starving and not caring for house servant animals, testing products on animals, being utilized as shark bait, brutalizing and harming animals during film productions, and the notorious cruelty done for generation after generation without any particular reason . There has to be more laws implemented to stop harming animals everywhere any, since the animals themselves are helpless in getting aid. Animals deserve just as much respect and rights to live in this world as piece do.Animals everywhere are just like clements and want to protect their loved ones. Animal cruelty is a worldwide issue that harms all living beings mentally and physically, therefore, in order to create a humane society for all organisms, it should altogether be stopped. First, many peck think that hurting animals is harmless to us humankind, but they are wrong, be effort many human serial killers began their first crime as animal cruelty which then graduated into human cruelty. There is a lot of evidence that shows that serial killers and abusers began with animal cruelty.If a human plenty abuse animals and show psychological issues, then it is possible that they tush do the same harm to a human, which would solemnly perk up not only harm to the animal societ y, but to the human society. Stopping animal cruelty and promulgateing people who do these malicious acts coffin nail perhaps pr fifty-fiftyt human massacres as well as animal massacres. In 1997, Bostons Northeastern University and the MSPCA did a study that found 70% of all animal abusers have committed at least 1 other crime and that 40% had committed violent crimes against humans (Internet).This suggests that nearly half of the people that commit animal cruelty crimes also commit human cruelty crimes. Any kind of violence against a human being is inhumane and isnt allowed, just as animal cruelty shouldnt be allowed, seeing as many criminals have a tendency to follow up with human cruelty crimes. Eric Harris and Dylan Klebod were two high school students that killed 12 classmates and then committed suicide only after they had bragged to friends about mutilating animals.If these acts had been reported to authorities and taken seriously, these two young men might have been put i n a proper facility and helped, possibly avoiding the horrific massacre (Internet). This suggests that the criminals arent the only ones who can prevent these kind of animal and human cruelty crimes, but bystanders and those who overhear people doing these such things can take one step forward and report these crimes. Given these type of examples, it should only be more motivation for every state, every country, and every continent to implement anti-animal abuse laws to save lives.Anybody can be helpful in saving many more animal lives as well as human lives, not just the government and the legal system, because animals and humans are always important to somebody. Second, most animal cruelty happens in a household and chances are there are children in these households that either bend up traumatized or influenced to repeat these atrocities. Children are more vulnerable to being corrupted from witnessing animal cruelty because these images stay with them as they grow older and they c an possibly reenact these crimes themselves.The criminals either force the children in the household to watch the abuse take place or they abuse the children as well. This can cause trauma in young children, which causes them to grow up corrupted or chances are that a child abusing an animal can grow up to be someone who commits other violent crimes (Internet). This suggests that human children are also affected by animal cruelty as well as the animal victims. These children can be scarred for life, whether its mentally or physically.Children arent the only ones who have to observe animal cruelty going on, but they are the prospective of every generation and if they are broken at an early age, then they cannot make it in a stable life. Also, with a constant cycle of children witnessing animal cruelty and then committing to animal cruelty, there ordain only be more and more people affected by this and then it depart be harder and harder to put an end to. Children at a young age wi ll have to learn from somebody, if not their parents, and they do not have ine control over their movements and impulsesthey will want to treat their pets with love, but will need a little help from you to do it correctly (Internet). This suggests that the adults and teenagers of the world can control how a childs development turns out and if we do not perform animal cruelty acts in front of children then they will not be exposed to a harsh world as they grow up. The earlier we instill kindness into nurturing child development, the less theyll turn out to be convicted of animal cruelty felonies.Third, passive and active cruelties are both common from people who only do it to feel a sense of power and authority, but that in itself is senseless since it still harms many animals and people. In most cases, most animal abusers find some sort of fulfillment or power in torturesome a victim they know cant fight back, which is why crimes like rape and child molestation are committed. (Int ernet). This suggests that the abusers want to feel superior and want to harm their pets or wild animals just to achieve this sort of power.This would be considered an unfair fight when the perpetrator knows that the animal cant do anything to defend itself and no one would be around to help it. As Jenny Leigh says, It is our job to be the voice for creatures who cannot speak up for themselves (Internet). People like Jenny are affected by the violent crimes done to animals and their disturbance makes them want to find ways to help these poor animals. In other cases, the animal abusers find it amuse to perform sadism on poor animals without considering how that animal feels.One way that one could feel control by hurting an animal is for example, when a husband whitethorn hurt the family pet in order to show his wife or kids what he is capable of doing to them whenever he gets angry enough. Another person may use his or her own pet to hurt other animals just to feel a gain of power a nd control. These kind of people suffer from serious, psychological businesss that will probably not go away on their own. Without help, the psychological problems these people have can haunt them for their whole lives (Internet).This evidence suggests that the people who designedly hurt animals already have some psychological issues that make them the way they are. These people need help from psychologists and people that know that they have a problem with abusing animals should aid them in receiving help to solve their problems. Lastly, most people dont understand that they actually take part in animal cruelty and these heedless actions cause much passive cruelty, if not any active cruelty.People that are harming the animals dont even realize the consequences of their actions and they dont understand that it is actually a really bad thing to do. It is senseless to allow people to carelessly roam around abusing animals without even thinking about it. While active cruelty is more common and disturbing, passive cruelty isnt any less important. In fact, it can lead to terrible pain and suffering, and ultimately death.Examples include starvation, dehydration, untreated parasite infestations, inadequate shelter in extreme weather conditions, and the failure to get medical care (Internet). This evidence suggests that the owners of domestic animals harm their pets in their own ignorance and neglect. Animal shelters are designed to give unsheltered animals a chance to have a provided home with a caring owner, but with neglectful owners that commit passive cruelty to their pets, it is difficult to tell if the person the shelters give the animal to can be trusted.Whether its active or passive cruelty, people need to be fined or arrested for hurting any kind of animals. However, some people actually think that animal cruelty is good because sidesplitting animals such as cows and chickens provide food for humans. Some say that humans need animals for food and that it is inevitable for animal cruelty to come to a complete end when there are many people out there in the world who cant give up take burden. For centuries people killed animals for food and never considered it cruel.It was just a pick (Internet). This evidence suggests that as long as people feel that they need to eat meat in order to survive, animal cruelty will not be stopped. People see meat as a basic necessity for ensuring their survival when it comes to food, so they wont think too hard on how guilty they should feel when they learn that animal cruelty is how their food is made. In appal of that, animal cruelty should still end, because everyone could always become vegetarians since it is healthier for our planet and ourselves.The manufacturing and producing of many meats or products derived from dead animals releases many greenhouse gases on our earth and contributes to even more global warming which will eventually harm all humans and animals alike. This little act of anim al cruelty to provide food isnt as big as a necessity when there are plenty of greens around and when many lives wont be harmed in the making. In conclusion, animal cruelty hurts animals and humans respectively and must be stopped in order to achieve a humane societal world. This research is important because people need to know what happens in this world.People deserve to know the truth about how the world is running itself and rather than being lie to by the government, people can be educated and informed on these worldwide issues which can then motivate them to help stop it. People will realize what animal cruelty does to animals and humans altogether and they can protest to end it or have laws implemented to ban it. Many people are disturbed, traumatized, and angered by the violent animal cruelty acts but they have no kind of power in trying to stop it, so this would be really helpful for those who are in the unknown of this issue.Works CitedInformation on Animal Cruelty ASPCA 13 April 2011 http//www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/info-animal-cruelty Through Their Eyes, The National Animal scream Registry 2004, 13 April 2011 http//www.inhumane.org Leigh, Jenny. Animal Cruelty Must Stop 13 April 2011 http//www.teenink.com/hot_topics/environment/article/90968/Animal-Cruelty-Must-Stop/ 11 Facts about Animal Cruelty 13 April 2011 http//www.dosomething.org/tipsandtools/11-facts-about-animal-cruelty Animals use for Food PETA 13 April 2011 http//www.peta.org/issues/animals-used-for-food/default2.aspx Beaulne-Stuebing, Laura. Whats Good about Animal Cruelty? Thrust Labs 17 January 2008, 13 April 2011 http//stayingvegan.com/vegan-university/whats-good-about-animal-cruelty/ Talking to Kids about Animal Cruelty ASPCA 2011, 13 April 2011 http//www.aspca.org/fight-animal-cruelty/talking-to-kids-about-animal.aspx Chicken Cruelty http//library.thinkquest.org/05aug/00044/id42.htm

Book Card: the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Essay

The story of huckabackleberry Finn was placed in the 1830s and was wrapped around the thought of slavery and Freedom. Mark Twain began writing the story of Huckleberry Finn in the year 1880 but as times got harder in the battle of slavery in the south, Twain stopped working on his story for another 2 years. After finishing two other works of literature, Mark Twain once again picked up the story of Huck Finn to complete their adventure. Character amount Huckleberry Finn The main character of this story, Huck Finn goes on adventure with his friend Jim and Tom Sawyer.Along the way he is put up against obstacles that, for the most part, make him date the foundation of the logic that society has. Huck Finns Father Hucks Father is a ceaseless drunk. He is abusive and seeks to control Hucks fortune. Tom Sawyer Tom Sawyer is the same age as Huck Finn and his best friend. He is a natural born conman who is fit to persuade almost anyone to do anything that he wants to. Jim An African American who starts out as the slave of Miss Watson and later becomes Hucks travelling coadjutor down the river.Jim at first glance does not seem like the smartest character in the story but while on the island Jim shows a hugger-mugger intellectual side with the natural world around him. Widow Douglas Widow Douglas is the guardian of Huck Finn in the beginning of the story. She attempts to civilize Huck but he finds the rules too binding for his lifestyle. So as a result he fakes his death and travels upstream to avoid both(prenominal) Widow Douglas and his father. Judge Thatcher The Judge who issued both Huck and Tom their share of the cash and tries to protect Huck from his Father.In the end she is replaced by another judge who ends up allowing custody of Huck and his money to his father. Themes and Motifs The theme of this story is based on the fact that racism was as yet an issue in the United States, even after the Emancipation proclamation. With the story of Huckleberr y Finn mess a few years before Mark Twains Time and portraying the facts of his time, Twain was able to produce a story that showed how blacks were still being downed upon in the Southern States.Another theme of this story is that of the hypocrisy of the United States earlier society in a way that defies logic and reasoning. An typesetters case of this is evident in the beginning of the story when the judge gives Hucks father the right of custody to his son, Huck, as well as his fortune in money. This resembles that of the slave days where huck portrayed as a black slave in this example- is still under the mercy of his father portrayed as the white man in society- Literary ElementsOne of the major literary elements in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn would be the conflict of the individual (Huck Finn) versus society. Huck Finn is in a constant battle with the people around him when they try to civilize him. Also, the story is told in a more humorous tone which is another literar y element that is plain in this novel. Quotes Whats the use you learning to do right, when its troublesome to do right and aint no trouble to do wrong, and the final payment is just the same? (Pg.91) The pitifulest thing out is a mob thats what an army isa mob they dont fight with courage thats born in them, but with courage thats borrowed from their mass, and from their officers. But a mob without any man at the head of it is beneath pitifulness. (Pg. 146) But I reckon I got to light out for the territory ahead of the rest, because Aunt Sally shes going to adopt me and sivilize me, and I cant foundation it. I been there before. (pg. 293) Bibliography Twain, Mark. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Classic Reissue. New York Bantam Dell, 2003.

Major Research Areas of Bioinformatics

Major Research Areas of Bioinformatics Engineering is a diverse discipline, which includes several various dramatic arts and different branches. One important branch of engineering is biomedical engineering that consists of the learn and design of new technologies related to biology and medicine. The field of biomedical engineering is come along divided into additional beas, one being bioinformatics.Bioinformatics is a special part of biomedical engineering that foc roles mainly on the suppuration and enhancement of approaches for the purpose of storing, retrieval, placement and analysis of different forms of biological data. The field includes the development of different software tools that provide biological knowledge and advancements. One major part of bioinformatics is research and olibanum we would discuss some of the major research areas of bioinformatics. Sequence analysis is a new and one of the most important research areas of bioinformatics.It is nothing but the st udy of the DNA and genome sequences of different organisms. The study of such sequences help in the comparison of genes and thus leads to the development of new approaches and new technologies for the development and use of genome sequences for different purposes and for the development of new species. These studies tail end even be used for the identification of causes and treatment options for genetic disorders. Evolutionary biology is an separate major research area that makes use of bioinformatics for further developments.Biology is no longer limited to theories and theoretical models and studies. Bioinformatics is used in different ways for calculating different aspects of biology, whether it is DNA sequencing or some other numbering. The research in computational evolutionary biology helps in examining the information related to different species and organisms that deal be further used for the enhancement of the field into future developments. The study of protein expression is also a major research area for bioinformatics.The working of the human body or any other organism on earth is highly dependent on the way the proteins in their bodies work and function. Thus, an analysis of proteins present in the bodies of different organisms helps in better statistical and theoretical analysis. Cancer mutations are difficult to analyze and study but not for bioinformatics. The examination of the cancer mutations is one of the major research areas of bioinformatics and thus can slowly and steadily helps in the treatment of he currently incurable disease of cancer. This research area includes several things, starting from the study of tumor lesions to the mutants that can help in curing the disease. The research areas of bioinformatics are vast and include several different areas and fields. Comparative genomics, network and systems biology and high-throughput image analysis are some of the other research areas and these areas would continue to multiply in numbe r with time. Reference link http//classof1. com/homework-help/engineering-homework-help

Contract memorandum Essay

Teri is a firefighter who lives and works in Boston, Ma. She is selling her interior(a) and found a vendee named cocksucker. Teri received an offer from Jack for $300,000. Teri accepts the offer and they sign a contract to that effect.After the contract is signed, Teri learns of a Boston hulk that all firefighters essential live within the Boston city limits. Teri decides not to move and contacts Jack to let him know she wont be touching after all.Jack sues Teri in municipal butterfly, asking for specific performance in accordance with the original deal. Teri argues that, although specific performance is usually appropriate in land sales contract cases, the appraise has the discretion to deny specific performance.ISSUE 1Whether Jack is due specific performance?RULESIn Raynor v. Russell, 353 Mass. 366 (Mass. 1967), a police officer had entered into a contract to sell his home. The police officer was planning to move to place in a town more than cristal miles from the city, but beca mathematical function a certain statute was accepted by the city in effect requiring its police officers to live within ten miles of it, was not an fitting ground for denying specific performance of the contract sought by the purchaser in a suit in equity.Also stated in Raynor, The court held that the prospective purchasers were entitled in lieu of the relief granted by the final decree to specific performance upon wages of the purchase price slight the amounts already paying as a deposit, as well as interest thereon. The court also concluded that there was not any ruin shown sufficient reason for denying specific performance. The court held that because specific performance was to be granted, the price set by the oral agreement made by the buyers must be paid.In Joseph A. Cardillo Revocable Trust v. Cardillo, 17 LCR 55 (Mass. Land Ct. 2009), is that Joseph seeks specific performance of the agreement and an order that Charles be compelled to convey the subject property to Joseph for a consideration of $ 125,000. Specific performance is also permitted when the buyer clean relied on a contract and the continual assent of the selling party and the buyers position has been changed for the worse.Also stated in Joseph, the court ordered specific performance of a written agreement between two brothers dividing up a plumbing business that included the purchase by one of the brothers of the others 50% interest in the business real ground held by the two as tenants in common.ANALYSISA Judge will grant specific performance in a land or real estate deal as stated in Raynor,the purchasers were entitled of the relief granted by the final decree to specific performance upon payment of the purchase price less the amounts already paid as a deposit, as well as interest thereon.Since Teri had signed a contract with Jack the Judge should grant Jack specific performance based on the original agreement. As stated in Joseph, Specific performance is permitted when the buyer reasonably relied on the contract with the seller and the buyers position has changed for the worse.CONCLUSIONTherefore, specific performance is not a strict and absolute right and it rests in sound discriminative discretion. Jack should receive specific performance because of the duty owed him in the original signed agreement.ISSUE 2However, will Teris raft cause the judge to use his discretion and deny specific performance?RULESIn A. B. C. Auto Parts, Inc. v. Moran, 359 Mass. 327 (Mass. 1971), the plaintiff appeals from a final decree in the brilliant Court denying specific performance of an alleged oral contract to sell property in Cambridge and ordering the return to the plaintiff with interest of the deposit it paid to the defendant concurrent with the alleged making of the contract. In order to entitle the buyer to specific performance on a contract of sale, it is undeniable that the buyer tender the purchase price to the seller on behalf of the buying corporation wi thin the reasonable time implied by law unless the seller evidences an unwillingness or inability to convey.Also stated in A.B.C. Auto Parts, the court stated that in order to entitle him to specific performance on this contract it was necessary that Kagan tender the purchase price to the defendant on behalf of the plaintiff corporation within the reasonable time implied by law unless the defendant evidenced an unwillingness or inability to convey. There was evidence that Kagan was ready, willing and able to perform, and this was all that was required in the circumstances.ANALYSISThe Massachusetts Superior court may deny specific judgment as stated in A.B.C. Auto parts, an order Teri to return the deposit with interest to Jack concurrent with the making of this contract, if the judge uses his judicial discretion in doing so.CONCLUSIONTherefore Jack is due his duty of specific performance because of the binding contract that he had with Teri. However, the judge may use his discretio n and deny the specific performance to Jack and require the return of Jacks deposit as stated in A.B.C. Auto parts. It is to the judges judicial discretion.